Medical Ethics in the clinical laboratory science Essay

Clinical Ethics in the clinical research center science - Essay Example The moral issue will lie about the capacities and capacities of john in satisfying his the new openings jobs. This will messy the notoriety of the manager’s name for a terrible suggestion, and it will place john into profound waters for inability to take full charge. The essential partners in the situation are the research center chief and john. The optional partner is the clinical research facility that is extending to the new employment opportunity while the tertiary partners are the general public and the clinical lab science calling (Zhong, 22). Being the administrator, the pragmatic option is composing a suggestion dependent on the genuine capacities of john. The expert code of morals tends to the circumstance and states that the honesty of the calling ought to be put above individual and individual interests. As the administrator, it is ideal to make reference to in the letter, that john isn't fit in the position dependent on his abilities level. This empowers the director to work with trustworthiness, regard and fitness as per the code of morals. It is best not to tell john the he was not prescribed for the activity so as to keep up a serene, working condition (Jones, 370). I am a specialist working in the night with different experts in a 300 bed network emergency clinic. One of the collaborators working at night shifts is faking the quality control figures. Be that as it may, in the wake of making the acknowledgment, I converse with the manager about the circumstance and he advises me to accomplish my work and just brain my business. Nobody in the division appears to pay attention to the quality control matter, yet the blunders are avoidable so as to accomplish better patient’s brings about quality control just as improve quality consideration conveyance to the patients. The moral issue in the situation is misrepresentation and carelessness of the test outcomes yet the administrators fails to address it much subsequent to being recounted the circumstance close by. The

Quebec essays

Quebec papers Quebec is the biggest and most established region in Canada. Having been found in 1763. The French colonized there in the mid 1600s and the vast majority of the populace today is as yet French in both language and starting point. Quebecs complete territory is 594,705 square miles. That equivalents to 15.4% of Canadas absolute land mass. Quebec is separated into three physiographic areas, the Laurentian Plateau in the north; the Appalachian Highlands in the southeast; and the St.Lawrence Lowlands in the south. On the outskirts of Quebec is the United States, Ontario, Newfoundland, and New Brunswick. The Laurentian Plateau covers nine tenths of the territory. It is a colossal level marginally slanted towards James and Hudson Bays. Mont DIberville is the most elevated top in both Quebec and Labrador, at 5,420 feet. Pinnacles northwest of Montreal, in Mont Tremblent Park arrive at 3,900 feet. The level has extraordinary measures of minerals, timberlands, and water assets. The Appalachian Highlands comprise of a progression of edges corresponding toward the south shore of the St.Lawrence River. Souther Quebecs most elevated pinnacle, Mont Jacques Cartier ascends in the SchickShock Mountains of the Gaspe, at 4,095. The Appalachian Highlands are fruitful. There are numerous streams in the region of Quebec. Beginning from the Great Manicougan River to the Caniapiseau River. In Northern Quebec, water assets are extremely ample, with its a huge number of lakes and lakes. The St.Lawrence River is a significant section to the oceans for large big haulers that runs directly through Quebec city. Quebec has large mining organizations. From iron mineral to asbestos. They utilize the St.Lawrence to dispatch out these materials. Quebec additionally has huge hydro-electrical force plants. They utilize the waterways, for example, the Manicougan to create power for Canada and parts of the United States. On the Manicougan River, there are five or six diverse hydro-electric dams, with hyper five being simply the greatest held dam on the planet. ... <!

Funny quotes

Funny quotes “I am going to call my kids Ctrl, Alt and Delete. Then if they muck up I will just hit them all at once.” Author Unknown“A computer once beat me at chess, but it was no match for me at kick boxing.” Emo Philips My life needs editing. Mort Sahl“By the time a man realizes that his father was right, he has a son who thinks he’s wrong.” Charles WadsworthLadies first. Pretty ladies sooner. Author Unknown“Men marry women with the hope they will never change. Women marry men with the hope they will change. Invariably they are both disappointed.” Albert Einstein“The quickest way to double your money is to fold it over and put it back in your pocket.” Will RogersA successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend. A successful woman is one who can find such a man. Lana Turner“Before you criticize someone, you should walk a mile in their shoes. That way when you criticize them, you are a mile away from them and you have their shoes.” Jack HandeyA day without sunshine is like, you know, night. Steve MartinA lot of people are afraid of heights. Not me, Im afraid of widths. Steven WrightHousework cant kill you, but why take a chance? Phyllis DillerA stockbroker urged me to buy a stock that would triple its value every year. I told him, At my age, I dont even buy green bananas.' Claude PepperMy most brilliant achievement was my ability to be able to persuade my wife to marry me. Winston ChurchillThe only time a woman really succeeds in changing a man is when he is a baby. Natalie WoodI would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong. Bertrand RussellI never drink water because of the disgusting things that fish do in it. W. C. FieldsIm writing a book. Ive got the page numbers done. Steven WrightOriginality is the fine art of remembering what you hear but forgetting where you heard it. Laurence J. PeterA womans mind is cleaner than a mans: She changes it more often. Oliver HerfordWhy do they call it rush hour when nothing mo ves? Robin WilliamsTheres no such thing as soy milk. Its soy juice. Lewis BlackMy uncle Sammy was an angry man. He had printed on his tombstone: What are you looking at?' Margaret SmithIf at first you dont succeed, find out if the loser gets anything. William Lyon PhelpsMail your packages early so the post office can lose them in time for Christmas. Johnny CarsonIf you die in an elevator, be sure to push the up button. Sam Levenson“If you think nobody cares if you’re alive, try missing a couple of payments.” Earl Wilson“A bank is a place that will lend you money if you can prove that you don’t need it.” Bob Hope“The human brain is a wonderful thing. It starts working the moment you are born, and never stops until you stand up to speak in public.” George JesselRegular naps prevent old age, especially if you take them while driving. Author UnknownMarriage is a relationship in which one person is always right and the other is the husband! Author Unknown

Should College Athletes Be Paid - 1511 Words

For years now there have been the argument if college athletes should be paid to play or not. It is an ongoing debate between many people including the National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA), athletes, coach, and other various people. The has debate has gone far enough that a lawsuit has started over it. There are many arguments for college athletes being paid such as; the athletes do not have time to work, their images are being used without any type of pay, and how the NCAA and coaches make millions of dollars off of the players while the players do not make anything. On the flip side of this, arguments that the athletes should not be paid include; they get paid in other varies ways, the average college athletic department loses enough money already without paying the athletes, and the fact that not all college athletes are in school to become professional athletes anyhow so making money from their athletic abilities should not be an issue for them at all. The National Coll egiate Athletic Association is a non-profit organization whose purpose is to work for and help college athletes. Their mission statement from their official website, http://www.ncaa.org, is, â€Å"The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a membership-driven organization dedicated to safeguarding the well-being of student-athletes and equipping them with the skills to succeed on the playing field, in the classroom and throughout life.† The NCAA headquarters is in Indianapolis. It has a totalShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Be Paid?1578 Words   |  7 PagesAshay Mehta Nou Per 8 Should College Athletes Be Paid? One of the hottest debates in the sports industry is if college athletes should be paid. If you want to pay these athletes, how would the college determine the dollar amount that should be paid? Should the basketball team make more than the football team? Should the the soccer team be paid as well? Cheerleading? Chess team? Should everyone on the team get a salary? What if your college is good at football and your basketball team is awfulRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1398 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve that college athletes at the highest performing schools are better treated than others. Although they do not get paid, they do receive some benefits for being athletes that other students would not get. One advantage for playing a sport is access to scholarships that some schools reserve for their athletes. Depending on the school and the athlete’s performance, money towards tuition is often given. Only some schools are willing to grant â€Å"full-ride† scholar ships for certain athletes. AccordingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1289 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years college sports have been about the love of the game, filled with adrenaline moments. However, the following question still remains: Should college athletes get paid to play sports in college? Seemingly, this debate has been endless, yet the questions have gone unanswered. The National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) plays a vital role in this debate. The NCAA is a billion dollar industry, but yet sees that the athlete should get paid for their hard work and dedicationRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1334 Words   |  6 Pagesrising to the surface is â€Å"Should college athletes be paid?†. This has become a burning question. The NCAA is a multibillion-dollar industry, that makes millions, if not billions, in revenue. Yet it’s still maintains the non-profit status meaning that the industry is not set on making a profit and none of the revenue that is made is distributed to its members, managers, or officers. While most players who play in college sports are under a scholarship, that pays for the college tuition, books, and housingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1364 Words   |  6 PagesHave you paid attention to all of the news that has been surfacing about collegiate sports lately? It is a big topic now days in the world of sports on weather college athletes should be getting paid to play sports. College athletics have gained great popularity of the past few decades, and have brought schools lots of revenue. A lot of college athletes think they should be getting paid for their services they do for their school. College sports like basketball and football generate over six billionRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1130 Words   |  5 PagesWhat college athlete would not want to be paid to play the sport that he or she loves? The real question is, though, should college athletes be paid fo r their roles in a college’s athletics? They are many points to each side of this recent controversial topic, which is why this has been made into such a hot debate in the past couple of years. As of right now, these athletes are not getting paid, but many of them truly believe that they should. Others believe that they already are being paid throughRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?986 Words   |  4 PagesPaying the College Athlete The college athlete has steadily grown in popularity in the United States over the span of the past decades. Monetarily speaking, this increased publicity has been extremely beneficial for National Athletic Association (NCAA) and all the colleges involved in athletics which has sparked the dispute of whether or not the athlete should be paid for their hard work and dedication on the field and to their school or if the athletic scholarship is more than enough. College athletesRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1239 Words   |  5 PagesLindsey Simmerman Speech 102 T/Th 1:00-2:15 October 25, 2016 Should college athletes be paid to play? Specific Purpose: To persuade the class to agree with my stance on paying college athletes to play sports Thesis: College football is the hours players spend practicing and performing, the number of injuries the players face, and the persona these athletes must portray every day all the while watching their schools, coaches, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) get all the compensationRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Be Paid1254 Words   |  6 PagesSome college athletic departments are as wealthy as professional sports teams. The NCAA has an average annual revenue of $10.6 billion dollars. College athletes should be paid because of the amount of revenue that they bring to their college. Each individual college should pay its athletes based on how much revenue they bring to the college in which they attend. The colleges that win their Division title, their Conference title, or the National championship, give bonuses to the Head coach of thatRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid1558 Words   |  7 Pagesstudent-athletes participate in a variety of different s ports, and currently they do not receive paychecks for their performances. College athletics have attained an extensive popularity increase among Americans over the past few decades. This has resulted into increased revenues for the National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA] and the participating colleges, which has fuelled the debate of whether or not college athletes should collect an income. College athletes should not be paid to play

The Effects Of Rap Music On Social Behavior Essay

In society today, it is highly noticed that the role of rap music messages and video images of violence causes an increase in negative emotions, thoughts and behaviors which could lead to violence amongst youth. Rap music has been at the center of concern in regards to the potential harmful effect of violent media on social behavior amongst youth. This potential behavior could be seen in the music video titled â€Å"Kim† by Eminem. In this music video, the storyline, language and sound encourages hostile thoughts and feelings amongst its audience. In the music video, Kim husband catches her cheating on him in their home with another man, while he is away. However, when Marshall gets home and finds out that his wife is cheating on him, he gets upset, angry, and abusive and becomes violent towards his wife Kim. He screams at her saying that, if she moves again, he will â€Å"beat the shit out of her† (Line 11). Violence in rap music has increased in response to the compl ex interplay of changing social conditions such as the elevated levels of youth violence in the changing commercial practices within the music industry. Hence, the media influences violence in four negative ways, which contributes immensely to anger amongst youth which leads to aggressive behavior such as social violence, substance abuse, domestic violence, and negative perceptions of women. In the song, Eminem’s anger and emotions is used as a premise in the music lyrics, whichShow MoreRelatedThe Violence Of Rap And Rap1633 Words   |  7 Pagesis a culture that has developed rapidly this past century. Rap, over the years has changed in many ways such that it went from being condemned by the public to being mainstream, it is now being used to aid teens with psychological troubles, and more. This leads to the question to be answered: How has the change from condemning drug use and illegal acts in rap to glorifying it influenced youth over the last two decades? The evolution of rap has in many ways positively affected the youth but, equallyRead MoreRap Music : Hip Hop Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesRap, or hip hop as some call it, ranks in the top ten of most popular music genres in the world. Since it burst on the scene in the late 1970s, rap music changed the landscape of the music industry, especially for African-American artists. The genre accredited some of the biggest names in the music industry. Popular artists like LL Cool J, Tupac, Notorious B. I. G., Jay-Z, Kanye West, and many others produce, or have produced, millions of hip-hop records. The secret to the success of hip hop centersRead MoreRap Music And Its Effects On Society1535 Words   |  7 Pageshit single â€Å"Coco†. Rap wasn’t always this bad, back when Rap first started with a group by the name of Sugar Hill Gang and their hit single to begin the era â€Å"Rapper’s Delight† Rap was about peace, harmony and just hanging out at a party, but r=this precedent split into more violent distorted versions of the genre such as the more 1990s popular genre of â€Å"Gangsta Rap† or the more recent rap music that glorifies sexual themes, practices and criminal mischief. This violent rap music has been seen to haveRead MoreThe Impact Of Rap Music On Today s Society867 Words   |  4 PagesThe impact of rap music in today’s society is extre mely substantial. Many Americans listen to rap music, even though different rap artist discuss various issues in their songs, it may influences their fans to do the same. A large amount of rap music contains explicit lyrics that describe illegal activities, aggression, and sexual content. Researchers from Iowa State University and the Texas Department of Human Services found that aggressive music lyrics increase aggressive thought and feelings, mightRead MoreRap Music : Influence On Violent Behavior1379 Words   |  6 PagesRAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Kaland Farrow Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University  RAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Rap music is derived from Hip Hop culture which is deeply rooted in the African American community. The word, rap, has a Middle English origin. Originally, rap means to beat or strike. Beginning in the 1960s, African Americans gave the word another definition. In the black communityRead MoreThe Music Of The Hip Hop1412 Words   |  6 Pagesbasically a cultural movement that originated in the Suburbs of cities. It was began to evolve in 1970 and in particular by the Americans who of African descent (American Africans) . Rap is a type of singing. It combines the performance of different rap utter words without committing to a particular tune, and rhythm. Rap began in Kingston, Jamaica City at the end of the sixties as a kind new musical was derived from dancehall. It has spread in the United States at the beginning of the seventies in theRead MoreNegative Effects of Rap Music Essay932 Words   |  4 Pages Is today â€Å"Gangster rap† and rappers corrupting society, introducing drugs and provoking violence? In the mid-1980s Gangster rap came to be depicting images of violence, guns, gangs, drugs, and sexism. By the 1990s rap music became a major part of the industry and topped the charts. As people began to want different things; different music was created and that contributed to the variety of music that we have today. This is one of the many things that makes AmericaRead MoreRap Music And Hip Hop Culture1097 Words   |  5 PagesRap music has been around for many decades. Rap/hip hop is a  music genre that consists of a stylized  rhythmic music that usually accompanies rapping. Since rap music’s explosion, it took the industry and became the  important part of hip hop culture. It has advanced over time as a part of hip hop culture, which originated from urban youth in New York as a cultural movement. Its original listeners were primarily African Amer ica and it has spread around the world and hip hop has come to be a part forRead MoreRap Music And Its Effects On America1649 Words   |  7 Pages Rap was originally created as a means of self-expression, while conveying present conditions within marginalized African American communities. Attaining global awareness in America, rap music emerged as one of the most controversial genres America has seen, influencing both white and black culture. Birthed in the mid- 1970’s rap music came to fruition in the Southern Bronx area of New York City. As rap culture began to emerge and grow in New York, rappers began to utilize their voice and voice theirRead MoreDrugs in Popular Culture1317 Words   |  6 Pagesamongst teenagers and the popularity of West Coast Rap Music Introduction Marijuana has been around for hundreds of years and the use of marijuana has been becoming more and more popular especially among teenagers (Lee, 2012). Music has also been around for a very long period of time, in a vast aray of genres. What has changed in music however, is the references to drugs (specifically marijuana) especially in rap music. Marijuana references in rap music have increased by 27% percent from 1979 to 1997

World Systems Theory Free Essays

Dane Fuentes Sociology 10/19/12 World System’s Theory Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems theory is the theory of how multinational corporations and industrializing nations have dominated the world over the last 500 years. Wallerstein also takes a look at how â€Å"periphery† and â€Å"semi-periphery† nations have become dependent on â€Å"core nations†, due largely to their lack of varied resources and driven by the need to survive. Wallerstein goes on to explain how colonialism has been replaced by neo-colonialism, a new form of using people, land, and resources purely for economic gain. We will write a custom essay sample on World Systems Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now This neo-colonialism, he claims, will lead to a perpetuation of wealth and more strict ascribed statuses and global stratification. One way neo-colonialism is highly visible, is in the presence of sweat shops or maquiladoras. Maquiladoras are sweat shops that are owned by multinational corporations that are common in developing and under-developed countries. These sweat-shops do not give their worker’s any rights. There is no job security, benefits, or retirement pensions. People work, until they can no longer work, and then perish. The worker is then replaced, possibly by his children, and the corporation moves on, never noticing the now disenfranchised worker who has to find a new means of survival and, in his desperation, perhaps turning to crime. The IMF and World Bank are two multinational corporations that also may have contributed in many ways to the massive inequality that is the global economy. These financial institutions provided aid to needy countries. However, in exchange for this aid, the IMF and World Bank asked for very strong influences in those needy countries as well as heightened interest rates on the loans themselves. The countries are then, in turn, caught in a cycle of conceding to the Banks demands and paying their national debt. Many underdeveloped countries, such as Ghana and The Philipines, cannot pay these debts, so in turn, these debts grow. At the same time, the multinational corporations are syphoning out resources due to their influence within those countries, leaving barren wastelands and poverty-stricken, disenfranchised people in their wake. Therefore, it may be seen that the multinational corporations may have sought to help these developing countries in a time of need, but in truth they were seizing an opportunity to indirectly buy the land from under the people living on it. This forms the basis of neo-colonialism. How to cite World Systems Theory, Essay examples

Probuild Construction †Implementation of HRM Strategies

Questions: Case Study: The Probuild Constructions Story Prebuild Constructions was established in 1987. The company has been involved in such major projects as the new Grandstand at Flemington Racecourse, the Victoria Gardens Shopping Centre and Toyotas corporate headquarters in Port Melbourne. In May 2005, Probuild successfully applied for a Victorian Government Better Work and Family Balance grant. The company wanted to investigate work-family balance at Probuild and develop a program that would work for the employees and the company. A working group made up of staff, union and management representatives was established to oversee a survey of all staff and the development of initiatives as part of a work-family balance program. The survey, distributed to all 150 employees in Victoria, was designed to: Gather information about the work, family and life pressures currently impacting on them and their families. Assess initiatives already in place to assist staff to manage these pressures. Iden tify new initiatives that would have the greatest impact on staff satisfaction. To gain a picture about the impact working at Probuild was having on families, a separate survey was also prepared and circulated to the partners/ wives/ husbands of all employees. The response to the surveys was very good, with a 57 per cent return rate from employees and 70 per cent return rate from their partners/ wives/ husbands. Overall, employees reported that they were happy working for Probuild but that the constant pressure and long hours made it very difficult to successfully combine work and family. Several responded that the long hours- particularly working Saturdays- were having an adverse impact on their personal relationships. And the response from employees partners/ wives/ husbands was even stronger. They reported that the long hours and workload meant that they had to take almost full responsibility for day-to-day household management and family care, even though many were engaged in pa id work. Probuild decided that the response from partners required further discussion so invitations to take part in a focus group were sent home via payslips. Sixteen partners/ wives/ husbands took part in the focus group. This led to recognition that the companys work-family balance strategy needed to include: Flexibility for different employees and their families to make choices that suited them best, with acknowledgement of the differing needs of salary and hourly rate. Reassurance that taking up work-family balances options would not undermine anyones employment or position with Probuild. A commitment to reducing the number of Saturdays employees are required to work. Working from all the information gathered by the survey and the focus groups, the working group met regularly to move the Probuild project to its next steps. A work-family policy was developed based on these five guiding principles: All initiatives must be of mutual benefit to the individual and company. Achi eving better work and life balance is a team effort involving individuals and managers. There is not one solution that will meet everyones needs. Hard work can be done flexibly. Good communications are fundamental to success. All employees and their partners/ wives/ husbands were invited to attend a major launch where they received an information pack outlining how the company intended to develop a better work and family culture. The pack contained a booklet to provide practical information for staff and their partners so they could assess their own needs and then set and achieve goals to bring about better work-life balance. Following a launch, specific action plans were developed to address key issues. An intensive training, development and coaching program was instigated for managers and performance review processes were changed to ensure that every employees work and family needs are documented. Probuild Constructions was an Award Winner at the 2009-10 National Work-Life Bala nce Awards, in recognition of its outstanding achievements in providing innovative work-life balance solutions in the construction sector. Probuild was also awarded the overall National Award Winner of the 2009-2010 National Work-Life Balance Awards, acknowledging its outstanding achievements in providing innovative work-life balance solutions in the construction industry. For Director of Probuild, Ted Yencken, the new work-family balance program is a key element in Probuilds ability to retain and attract employees. Ted suggested that the development of our work/life balance policy, principles and programs are the fundamental steps to creating a workplace culture which will be more supportive of work and life balance and which will deliver better outcomes for business. (Extract taken from the Probuild Constructions case study, Better work and family balance- moving to a more family friendly construction industry, irv.vic.gov.au) Task: Based on the above case study, write an essay th at answers all the questions: 1. Why do employees value opportunities for workplace flexibility? Would this strategy work in all organisations and industries? You should critically analyse your answer in terms of work-life balance theories. 2. Is it possible for companies to be competitive and at the same time create a workplace that provides for flexibility and work-family balance? You may relate your answer to the flexible work arrangement theories, business competitiveness theories. 3. What other flexibility and work-family balance strategies could Probuild have adopted? What do you believe the productivity outcomes and benefits of such a program would be to Probuild? You may develop your arguments in terms of work life balance/ contextual, culture and job restructuring at the workplace, impact of work-life balance on employee wellbeing, performance, satisfaction, employee retention strategies etc. Answers: Introduction The study is all about the Probuild Construction organization different strategies which they adopted regarding their employees and organizational benefits. There is an description about different opportunities provided by Probuild to their employees regarding their work life balance and performance. The report is having discussion after analyzing the present scenario of Probuild construction and different strategies adopted by the organization. Probuild construction Pvt. Ltd is one of the best national level contractor based company whose main operation area is Australia. The report is based on the analysis and evaluation of the operations which are performed by Probuild Construction Company as per their client. Probuild is a contract based company i.e. they perform construction operation as per their customers (Parboteeah and Cullen, 2011). The report is having brief discussion about the strategies adopted by Probuild construction company for making working environment flexible for the employees and other strategies which company adopted for making their stand in competitive environment. There is also a discussion about the outcome and benefits which will be achieved by Probuild after they have adopted work life balance and business environment strategies. After analyzing and evaluating all the case studies as mentioned in case study some recommendations are given in this report. 1. Value of flexible opportunities for employees in workplace As mentioned in case study flexibility in workplace helped Probuild organization to build strong bonding among the employee and organization. Flexibility in workplace provides high commitment of employees toward their job as well as organization. Flexible work in Probuild includes part time work hours, work from home, sharing of job, flexibility in start and end time and other facilities which motivated Probuild employees (prezi.com, 2015). Probuild construction follow work life balance theory which helped organization in motivating their employees maintaining proper balance between their work life and personal life. As commented by (Ahlvik and Bjrkman) to live a proper life family friend, work all are necessary and employer should always help their employee make a proper balance in all 3 of this. If employees are given proper instruction in starting that how to maintain work life with personnel life, they will be motivated to perform better. As mentioned in case study Probuild const ruction received National work life balance award in 2009 which shows that the organization follow proper strategies for making their employees balance their work life with their personal life. As Probuild is a construction based company so to get better performance outcome, management of Probuild should always focus on their employees health. Flexible opportunities provided by Probuild construction to their employees are as employees were given opportunity of choosing their work starting time in a ethical manner (Ricardo de Souza Freitas, Jos Chiappetta Jabbour and Csar Almada Santos, 2011). If suppose any employees got any injury or health problem he/she would be provided with primary health care and then further care as per needed. As mentioned Probuild took a survey with their employees and their families for analyzing the scenario or problem which they all are facing regarding work life and professional life balance. As discussed in case study Probuild construction is famous fo r their work life balance strategy adoption and its positive outcome which increased companys profit and productivity suddenly. Probuild construction to maintain work life balance focus on the proper and open communication strategy among employees and employer, feedback survey in relation to work from employees family members. Probuild constructions always try to create a positive and best suited environment for their employees which help Probuild to motivate their employees to maintain work life and personal life balance (Rowley and Warner, 2013). As mentioned in case study Probuild avoids giving work load to their employees as they always try to choice job sharing option. Job sharing strategy is adopted by Probuild construction to distribute job equally among the employees as per their skills and knowledge regarding the job. Work life balance theory help every organization in motivating their employees work better as it provide different opportunities in workplace regarding working time, place and work style but in a ethical manner. Every organization will get benefit of work life balance strategy as it will help organization as well as their employees. Different methods which are commonly used by every organization to help their employees in maintaining work life and personal life balance are as sharing of job, flexibility in starting time of work, flexibility in work place and others. 2. Process adopted by Probuild for balancing competitive environment, workplace balance and flexibility within organization Probuild construction adopted work life balance theory to achieve competitive advantage while their working process. Probuild construction as mentioned in case study has achieved success in maintaining their flexibility in workplace and balance among both work as well as personal life. Work life balance theory adopted by Probuild helped them in motivating their employees to perform better by which Probuild company productivity as well as profitability was increased. Flexible work opportunity gave probuild employees choice their work starting time which suited them best and the place of work (Slideshare.net, 2014). If employees are given chance for choosing the time of starting work and best suited place or location of work then will be influenced to provide positive outcome to their organization. Different flexibilities which were provided by Probuild to their employees are flexibility in time and wok location, work from home option if possible, proper scheduled off days from work so that employees can spend time with their family and friends. Rotation in job time i.e. employee who is comfortable with morning should be given morning and others. As mentioned in (Amann and Stachowicz-Stanusch) to increase their profitable in comparison of their competitors Probuild adopted job sharing strategy so that no employees is having work load, every employee is provided with a proper job as per their skills, knowledge and capabilities. The main advantage of job sharing in Probuild was that the tasks assigned to employees were finished on time which makes good impression in front of customers. The strategy adopted by Probuild to balance their employees work life and in the achieving higher profit in comparison of their competitors were as work life balance strategies, proper wage structure of every employees and other. Probuild construction adopted work life balance strategy to provide their employees flexibility in working hours, starting and ending time of work, providin g them less working hour on Saturday and etc. To implement these all strategy in Probuild management of company started doing survey with the help of employees families, friends and employees themselves (Slideshare.net, 2015). As mentioned in case study company distributed survey paper to all 150 employees of Victoria office to identify the effect of working hour and environment on employees personal life. In contrast to this () for increasing competitive advantage organization should try to maintain a proper communication among employee and employer. Good communication cycle will help in knowing easily the problem of employees regarding the work. Probuild construction always tries to avoid long hour working for their employees as it can harm their health which may affect companys productivity. Figure 1 represents the different work life balance strategy adopted by Probuild to achieve competitive advantage. Figure 1: Probuild Work life balance strategy The main objective of adopting work life balance strategy by Probuild is to maintain their hard working, most reliable, high profitable company reputation in the market which always helped them in achieving competitive advantages. Work life balance strategy adoption by Probuild also helped in building strong bonding among employee and employer. 3. Recommended flexible and work family balance strategies for Probuild In contrast to work life balance Probuild adopted a new strategy work family strategy which helped organization in motivating their employees in marinating a proper balance between their work life and other life. To get a positive competitive advantage company require focus on their employee requirement as well as their needs. Work family policy was adopted by Probuild taking into consideration the major problems which their employees use to face in balancing their work life and other life (Pain). Probuild should try to provide their employees paid parental leave as well as work from home facility to their female employees if they want (Slideshare.net, 2015). The most important factor on which Probuild should work is their female employees who participate in both in house job and field jobs. As stated by (Anon) organization can never fulfill every employee needs and requirement but if before making any change in their policies and strategies company properly survey employees and thei r family members, they can know the exact problem. The flexibilities provided by Probuild to their employees regarding work environment, time and other factor helps in motivating their employees to perform better. But on the other hand as stated by (Anon) Probuild should try to provide flexibilities to their employees as per their position in organization. If middle level employees and upper level employee are provided with the same work flexibility then Probuild may suffer in their work. Probuild construction organization provide their employees many flexibilities like starting time and work location as per the choice but Probuild should always work in a ethical way because it is evaluated by a research (Anon) that if people are provide with high privilege regarding work there demand will be increased and they may affect organization work environment. Work family balance strategy adopted by Probuild should be in favor of every employee, if organization ignored any employee he/she c an be de motivated regarding his/her work which can harm organization productivity. Work family strategy adopted by Probuild can only be profitable for organization when their senior management have high level commitment for the organization and their work. To make successful work family strategy Probuild should always monitor their communication among the employees and employer. It was found by a research (Anon) that if construction organization like Probuild provide their employees flexibility and effectiveness in workplace regarding their work time, location and other factor employees will show more satisfaction for their work and loyalty towards organization. Probuild while planning their work family strategy should consider work responsibilities and impact of it on their family. Suppose if employee is suffering from severe health from and he/she is not providing with proper leave, the result of this will be from both employee as well as their family. (Anon, 2015) commented on t his as to motivate employee to an employee perform better organization should always consider their family members while planning any flexibility and work family balance strategy. The other strategies which Probuid construction can adopt are as part time work policy, access to employee child care by providing shift work and etc, job mobility as per the employees skills and knowledge. Outcome and benefits of new recommended strategies The outcome which Probuild achieved by adopting these strategies are as their employees motivational rate was increased which raise their profit and productivity share. The new strategies adopted by Probuild are flexibility in work time, job sharing and flexibility to work from home, choice work location and work time as per individual choice. Probuild provided flexible work schedule so that employee can balance their work and other life at the same time without affecting the work. Job sharing strategy adopted by Probuild helped them to finish their task on time without giving work load to their employees (Parboteeah and Cullen). The adoption of new strategies helped Probuild to build strong bonding among employer and employees, increased loyalty level of their employee towards their work and organization. By a research (Campos e Cunha and Cunha, n.d.) it was found that if both parents are working with a heavy workload every time than their children will be affected in negative manne r. In contrast to this (Anon) commented that if parents are working in such a organization who provide them flexible working time and location their children will be having different qualities and thoughts regarding family and other relationship in comparison of other children (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015). Probuild work life balance strategy help their employees to arrange time for their children and other family members or any other work apart from office work. The new strategy recommended above paid parental leave will also help Probuild construction to maintain a proper employee employer relationship, as employees will be assure that if they want they can take few days leave for taking care of their parents which is very important part of every individuals life. As mentioned by (Cullen and Parboteeah, n.d.) if employer helps employee to create openly and honestly support between their work and personal life, it will attract new employees with high level of trust and loyalty towards their job and organization. Strategies like flexibility in child care, part time work and work shifts can help Probuild to retain more new employees with more concern towards their task. Roles of strategic HRM in Probuild organization Probuild is a construction company so maintain employee and employer relationship by providing different rewards and flexibilities can increase their employee performance as well as organization profitability share. The main role of Probuild human resource management department is to plan and implement strategies within the organization which help in increasing their productivity and retention. As mentioned by (Garcia-Carbonell, Martin-Alcazar and Sanchez-Gardey) Probuild hrm department have different set of responsibilities as recruitment and selection of new employees as per the requirement of organization, plan compensation strategies by taking into consideration both employee and organization, training and development strategies and plan so that employee get influenced to perform better and etc (prezi.com). One of the major responsibilities which managers of Probuild are having is motivating and influencing their employee to perform better. Probuild hrm always try to plan such a reward and pay structure so that their employees find it beneficial. Human resource management of Probuild help organization to gain their employees trust and loyalty regarding their job and responsibility as said by (Kim, Kim and Hong) if employer want their employee to perform better they should always provide them a good pay structure as per their roles and responsibilities. Human resource management department always plan new strategies taking into consideration their employee roles and responsibilities as well as organization gain in terms of finance as well as market reputation. As mentioned by (McEwen, 2011) if human resources management department of any organization is good and supportive for their employees, employer profit and market reputation will automatically increase. Human resource management department of Probuild should always analyze the new strategies adopted by them as mentioned in case study some strategies are flexibility in work time and location, work life balance strategy and etc. As commented by (Noe and Noe, 2012) human resource management people functions are as to analyze the roles and responsibilities of their employer, plan new strategies in favor of both employee and employer, increase the level of retention, recruitment and selection as per the requirement of Probuild, evaluate the problem which employees are facing regarding the work and other life balance process and other. Human resource management department is the backbone of any organization as they have to work for both employee and organization benefits. As commented by (Paauwe, 2004) the main focus point of Probuild human resource management are productivity, quality of work and the services provided to their employees. Work life balance strategy implemented by human resource management department helped Probuild in many ways as in increasing their employee reliability towards their job and towards the organization. Challenges faced by Probuild HRM while managing human resource The main challenges which human resource management department of Probuild face while managing their human resource are as in planning strategies and action which will work as per all employees , so that all employees are benefitted by strategies equally. Commented (Pain, 2014) that any organization cannot fulfill each and every employees needs and demand regarding flexibility and other strategies in work place. Every employee are having their own problems and they want flexibilities as per that only, so the main challenge which hrm of Probuild face is in deciding a strategy which is helpful for every employees and no employee feel ignored. Probuild human resources are their employees who are having different sets of problems and want which managers find difficult in managing (Rowley and Warner). As mentioned in case study Probuild managers evaluated more than 150 employees and their families before implementing work family balance strategy but on the other hand Probuild managers fac ed many problems in deciding what flexibilities should be provided to their employees so that it does not affect organization working environment. Managing human resource is very difficult task as everyone has its own belief and style of working (Working-moms.yoexpert.com, 2015). The other challenge which Probuild human resource management faced was regarding pay structure of their employees, that is managers always tried to convince their employees regarding their salary so that employees can perform better. As mentioned in case study human resource management department of Probuild construction found difficult in managing their employees i.e. the line manager and staff manager. Probuild managers after analyzing the problems faced by their employees in balancing work life and their personal life decided to implement work family balance strategy and flexibility in work time and location. Conclusion The study is all about the Probuild construction company different strategies which they adopted in favor of employees as flexibilities in work time, location and work family balance strategy. Probuild is a construction company so main factor on which they depend is their employees and clients for which they work (Rowley and Warner, 2013). Probuild construction is a contractor based company i.e. the take different task from customers or by any third party which they have to complete in given time duration. The main problem faced by human resource management department of Probuild is maintaining coordination and proper communication among their line staff and managers. Probuild managers implement new strategies only after evaluating the problem faced by their employees in workplace. Human resource department of Probuild focus on the communication among employee and employer, maintain new strategies and old strategies balance adopted by organization. Bibliography References Ahlvik, C. and Bjrkman, I. (2014). Towards explaining subsidiary implementation, integration, and internalization of MNC headquarters HRM practices.International Business Review. Amann, W. and Stachowicz-Stanusch, A. (2012).Integrity in organizations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.fsc.gov.au/sites/FSC/Resources/AZ/Documents/Probuild28Oct09.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar. 2015]. [Accessed 18 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.whenworkworks.org/downloads/www_toolkit_120312.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/Work-and-family-best-practice-guide.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.health.wa.gov.au/worklifebalance/docs/Retention.pdf [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/Parents_Work_Life.pdf [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Campos e Cunha, R. and Cunha, M. (n.d.). Impact of Strategy, HRM Strength and HRM Bundles on Innovation Performance and Organizational Performance.SSRN Journal. Cullen, J. and Parboteeah, P. (n.d.).Multinational management. Garcia-Carbonell, N., Martin-Alcazar, F. and Sanchez-Gardey, G. (2014). Understanding the HRM-Performance Link: A Literature Review on the HRM Strategy Formulation Process.IJBA, 5(2). Kim, S., Kim, S. and Hong, M. (2010). A Study on the e-HRM Management Information System Implementation for Effective Personnel Management.The Journal of the Korean Institute of Information and Communication Engineering, 14(2), pp.409-414. McEwen, K. (2011).Building resilience at work. Bowen Hills, Qld.: Australian Academic Press. Noe, R. and Noe, R. (2012).Human resource management. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Paauwe, J. (2004).HRM and performance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pain, E. (2014). Improving Your Work-Life Balance.Science. Parboteeah, P. and Cullen, J. (2011).Strategic international management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. prezi.com, (2015).The Probuild Constructions Story. [online] Available at: https://prezi.com/hignln143hl1/the-probuild-constructions-story/ [Accessed 18 Mar. 2015]. Ricardo de Souza Freitas, W., Jos Chiappetta Jabbour, C. and Csar Almada Santos, F. (2011). Continuing the evolution: towards sustainable HRM and sustainable organizations.Business Strategy Series, 12(5), pp.226-234. Rowley, C. and Warner, M. (2013).Globalizing International Human Resource Management. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Slideshare.net, (2014).Challenges of Human Resource Management. [online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/mekuanintabera/chrm-project [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Slideshare.net, (2015).Strategic role of human resources management. [online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/gihanaboueleish/strategic-role-of-human-recourses-management [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Slideshare.net, (2015).The Strategic Role Of Hrm. [online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/mmharoon786/the-strategic-role-of-hrm [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Small Business - Chron.com, (2015).The Strategic Role of Human Resource Managers. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategic-role-human-resource-managers-11782.html [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Working-moms.yoexpert.com, (2015).YoExpert.com | What is the best strategy for balancing work and family?. [online] Available at: https://working-moms.yoexpert.com/work-life-balance/what-is-the-best-strategy-for-balancing-work-and-f-4113.html [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015].

Made in India Indian branding Essays - Brand Management

Nation Branding ? Nation branding refers to branding of a country in terms of its reputation in the global scenario. Few of the practices involved in nation branding is constantly measuring the Nations growth in economic space, attracting tourism, exports, attracting talent pools, technology innovations, cultural heritage etc. The concept of measuring country?s global perception across various dimensions was developed by Simon Anholt in the year 2005. It is defined as Country branding Index or Nation branding Index. About IBEF ? India Brand Equity Foundation IBEF is a Trust which was formed in association by two entities namely Ministry of Commerce and confederation of Indian Industries (CII). IBEF?s core focus is to promote the ?Made in India? brand and to increase awareness of Indian products in overseas market. IBEF works along with various knowledge partners to communicate the message about Indian Business Stories through the form of CDs, posters, magazines, newsletters and reports. The article focuses on the perception of the brand ?India? across the world and the driving forces that makes the ?Made in India? brand to be the fastest growing brand in various verticals like technology, IT, Automobile, Medicine, Telecom, Banking & Financial services, Manufacturing, Retail, Infrastructure and Educational sectors. The brand India is linked to the various components of a typical brand attributes. Brand Personality The brand India has different facets of eminent personalities who have captured the hearts of global audience. Those include personalities like Mahatma Ghandhi Ji, APJ Abdul Kalam, Ar Rahman, Sachin Tendulkar, Ratan Tata, Shiv Nadar (HCL), Narayana Murthy ( Infosys ) etc who have contributed a lot in taking the Brand India to its acme. Brand Name The name India has also been referred to as Bharath or Bharatam. In his book India Ethos and Values, Indian Professor Ajith Shankar has quoted various scriptures and described the etymology of the word ?Bharath? as follows Bha refers to Bhagvan ( God ) and Ratha refers to ?Love? ? Bhartheeyas are people who love God! Bharat refers to the geographical territory of the public of India Region ruled by Bharata was refered as Bharatavarsa Bharath vibrates with hues of every nature Slogan The country India is often referred to feminine attributes of God. The tagline ?Incredible India? by the Indian Tourism depicts the scenic and serenity of India with invaluable natural assets and monuments, sculptures depicting brilliant architectures of the century. Brand Performance ? Brand India has better credibility compared to many other brands in the world. Indian brands like Tata, Mahindra, Maruti, Hero Moto corp, TVS, Haldirams, Hero cycles, Shakthi Masala, IPL, Tata Nano, Haldirams etc have very global presence. Bollywood movies have penetrated the global market to an extent that they act as a tough competition to Hollywood movies. Brand Promise There are many examples to prove the promise that India has delivered across the world in terms of health, Information and Technology, Automobile, Textiles, medical etc. Indian medical field ranks the fourth place in the world, in telecommunication India ranks second. The products like mobile phones, machinery components which were imported once are being exported with ?Made in India? Brand. India is the hottest selling market for all global companies. ?Chennai? is claimed to be the Detroit of Asia with various automobile companies invading Indian market and trying to setup their manufacturing base. Brand Culture A country like India is rich with its rich cultural heritage and religious values like religion, Yoga, Ayurveda, Marriage systems and ceremonies etc. Brand Essence The brand essence means the soul of the brand. The soul of India is its rich cultural heritage and values which are still unshaken or affected by western influence. India follows ?Unity in Diversity? with more than 100 languages and 400+ dialects, 28 states and 7 union territories. The concept of ?Saving? nature has helped Indian economic system to sustain its glory amidst global recession, where even the so called ?Super Powers? have felt the pain of economic slowdown. In spite of many invaders starting from Aryans, Persians, Muslim invaders, Danish, Dutch, French, Portuguese and finally The English have tried to plunder the wealth of our Nation, it?s natural wealth and beauty still remains the same and proves to be a ?Amudhasurabhi?.

Herobuilders.com Essay Example

Herobuilders.com Essay Example Herobuilders.com Paper Herobuilders.com Paper Which of the four types of studies are presented In this case? Answer 1: According to the passage of the case the research done by the Emil Vale- President of BBC Design Group has performed a descriptive study. He has performed a research for potential action-figure doll business. Descriptive study attempts to answer to questions like who, what, when, where and how. It is clear that while doing research for the potential action-figures business Vehicle had to search for the answers Who are the potential clients which would be interested to buy these dolls? Which action-figures are the most popular among different ages? Where do the action-figure dolls mostly sell. In toy stores, or as souvenirs In specialized shops? In what quantities possibly the production should be in order to cover demand and not to overproduce? And other questions. Vehicle also has done explanatory research to find the answer why there was sudden interest in action-figure dolls spread. The answer for the question was that it was connected to the 9/1 1 event which led to the launch of business to sell action-figure dolls based on modern day heroes of the event. Question 2: Evaluate the research conducted. Answer 2: a) Is the purpose clearly defined? Vales research involved defining the potential for the production and sale of action- figure modern day hero dolls and profitability of the sales, sales volume through retail stores as well as if the production of prototype real-life peoples dolls would have any legal consequences. B) Research process detailed? The research process In the passage Is not detailed and covers short answers to only several questions. Vehicle did only internet search, and some retail market research. High ethical standards applied? The passage does not offer any information about the existence of ethical safeguards to protect the involved persons and/or organizations, however Vehicle did contact lawyer for the legal and possible ethical safeguards consultation. D) Limitations frankly revealed? The passage does not detail any information about the limitations that have occurred during the research, which could impact on findings. E) Adequate analysis for decision makers needs? Goal of the research was not set by a decision-maker. Since this business idea came only after the increasing interest by people for the dolls that were made for Vesicles own personal needs/interest. F) Findings presented unambiguously? The passage does not contain detailed research. G) Conclusions Justified? The research is poorly tied to the decision-based conclusions, nor does the detailed findings are matched with conclusions. H) Researchers experience reflected? Vehicle provided his own experience by stating that he has been making dolls on his personal time and he decided to do a research for potential of business when individual requests increased. Question 3: What issues other than those Vehicle chose to evaluate would you have included in your research plan for Herbicides. Com? I would conduct some customer survey to see the magnitude of the interest in action- dolls, which would include the price range (how much people are ready to pay for custom-made doll), age range (who is mostly interested), purpose of the purchase of the dolls (for which occasions do people buy these dolls, as personal souvenirs, for present for birthdays, etc ), etc.

Information Sharing in Supply Chain Management Essay

Information Sharing in Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Globalization and regulator threats in industries have tend to empower the customer a great deal and it is more often than not the customer who dictates terms to the businesses operating in the market place. Under such complex and intriguing scenarios the role of supply chain becomes ever more challenging, decisive and vital for the growth and nurturing of a company (Fisher, 2000). The entrepreneurs, having studied the market trends and being well acquainted with the consumer culture, can determine certain variables that are almost impossible to discover otherwise. The entrepreneurs can determine future demand of a particular product that they are selling to a particular segment. A company that needs to become the top of the mind company for its consumers must lay stark inventory management plans that are based on industry dynamics and reliable data obtained from various sources. Indeed managing inventory requires immense amounts of vigilance. However this vigilance is not to be main tained by the producer alone as this is not pragmatic and on the other hand there are several parties involved in the value chain of every product. The producer, supplier, wholesaler and retailer all need to collaborate with one another and share information regarding the level of inventory that each one is required to hold at every stage in the entire process. This is being done and practiced in almost every company today. For sharing information companies spend hundreds of thousands of dollars every year to develop and upgrade their information sharing systems that keep all the involved players in the cycle onboard with minute to minute information regarding inventory levels. This keeps everyone a breast of the levels of inventory required to be maintained at any particular time in the chain (Fisher, 2000). The Value of Information Sharing in Inventory With the introduction of more and more products by the companies and entrance of giant companies that offer products that serve to cater to similar needs and target the same set of consumers have actually helped to make the market place a battle field. Today customers have so many options and choices to choose from. In fact making a buying decision has become a Herculean and specialized task for the customer. Where on one hand intricacies at the end of consumer have increased then on the other the customer has become very powerful as well, and one cannot repudiate the fact that products and brands that do not meet customer expectations are either ousted or kicked out of the market and become forgotten history. Here inventory management becomes a key concept that needs to be discussed and highlighted to limelight. As we talked about the concepts of â€Å"customer expectations† and â€Å"consumer culture† so we also need to understand that they are very closely linked to inventory management. Finding the product on the shelf is one of the most significant customer expectations, significant yet basi c. â€Å"Finding the product on the shelf† implies that the product must be available to the customer at the right place in the right quantity at the right time. This is where Inventory management comes into play. Inventory management has gained more and more significance in organizations during the past decade and this is because of the consumer expectations and strong consumer culture that has risen

Court system in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Court system in England - Essay Example The first right of the defendant starts when the court says that defendant's presence in the court for any indictable offence is necessary. There are cases where the defendants are intimidated, threatened, kidnapped or sometimes even eliminated so that they cannot attend the court. Under such circumstances, these courts order a decree of Habeus Corpus. Unless there are extraordinary circumstances, a defendant cannot be tried without being present. Magistrate courts deal with summary offences, which are less serious cases like minor assaults or driving offences and these offences are not eligible to be tried by the jury being rather legally insignificant. They also deal with Either-way offences and they are called so, because they could either be dealt by judge and jury or by a magistrate, which is usually the case. Offences here include theft, handling of stolen goods, etc. Here the right of the defendant is upheld by making the defendant to ask for either a Crown trial or a Magistrate trial and the choice belongs not to the court, but to the defendant. In case if the offence is of a more serious kind, magistrate himself might commit the defendant to a trial by the jury and under those circumstances, defendant's rights are not considered. Magistrate courts cannot try Indictable-only offences, and these are of a more serious kind like murder, manslaughter, rape and robbery. ... There is a distinction between summary and indictable offences. Jurisdiction and procedure usually are affected by this distinction because the distinction is fundamental. "Summary offences can be tried only in magistrate's courts, while indictable offences are triable on indictment before a jury. Summary offences are all creatures of statute, and the particular statute lays down the mode of trial and the appropriate penalty," Arguile (1969, p.41). The decision on bail and other connected legal issues like reporting restrictions are usually conducted by magistrate courts before the case goes to the Crown court. Again there is an option for the defendant. He could opt for a trial at the magistrate court and such a plea could be considered. If the defendant is found guilty, at that stage, or at any other stage, magistrates can impose a sentence up to six months imprisonment along with a fine up to 5000 and if the defendant is acquitted, and if there are no other connected or unconnected cases pending against him the magistrates can set him free as a legally innocent person. There are diverse kinds of legal presence in magistrate courts. There could be three lay magistrates or one District Judge and both the situations are perfectly acceptable to law. The lay magistrates are called Justices of the Peace and are usually the local people who volunteer their services. Despite not having any formal legal qualifications, the legal hist ory says that these magistrates have functioned very well over the years. They are given legal and procedural training and advice by the qualified clerks though. This prompts a question: Do such magistrates command the same respect from clerks, defendants and other legal fraternity Well, this is a different legal matter,

Team Spirit And Team Work Management Essay

Team Spirit And Team Work Management Essay Introduction The team is a dynamic set of people that has a particular purpose. Under certain conditions conducive to unity, the team is developed into an organized system of interdependent roles, institutions, common goals, values, attitudes and homogeneous behavior, which satisfies the needs of its members. Although Western culture promotes independence, people in todays organizations do not work in isolation but in teams so team working is very important. According to Guzzo Shea (1992:90) a real (not an artificial) team should have the following characteristics: It is recognized as an existing entity from its members but also from members who know the team. It provides a degree of interdependence among its members. It provides differentiation of tasks and roles. Human society is based on teams. From a practical standpoint, people participate in teams because: They feel the need to build social relationships. Teams are a source of information. Teams provide compensation (e.g. friendship, recognition, material goods). Participation in a team enables the individual to achieve goals that could not be achieved at his/her personal level. People are asked to join a team, a fact that occurs mainly in the workplace. In this case, it concerns formal groups, which vary from the informal groups that are created spontaneously based on common interests, friendships, etc. In the typical workplace, the formal (e.g. department of a business) groups and the informal groups coexist. Team Spirit Team Work All companies that want to achieve high productivity ensure that there are team spirit and cooperation among employees. In particular, many experts argue that teamwork is very effective in companies where the requirement for dissemination of information is very high. Thus, a connection is seen between information management and teamwork. For this reason, it is imperative to create effective teams, which should be motivated either through monetary and non monetary rewards to produce the best possible result. An effective team has clear objectives, is consisted of people with similar skills that match the teams goals. Members should trust each other, trust should be encouraged by an open, honest and cooperative business culture (Beer et al. 1984:66). Human Resources Management is one of the key factors for creating such culture. Good cooperation requires good communication and good leadership. Furthermore, companies should offer incentives, especially, team incentives, which will help increase cooperation. Apart from monetary incentives, companies must provide non-monetary rewards such as employee involvement and empowerment. Effective teamwork can be achieved through the proper organization of the teams. It is particularly beneficial for businesses because it increases flexibility and speed. A project is carried out by several people with different skills so it is possible to have more innovative ideas and decision making will be more effective due to the heterogeneity of the group. The most important thing is that the team should be encouraged and supported in order to increase productivity to a much greater extent than if the work was performed on an individual basis (Robbins Coulter 2002:255). The role of Human Resources Management is seen as particularly crucial to achieve this goal, i.e. the creation of efficient teams. Myths regarding teams Mature individuals compose mature teams. The team is the sum of individuals. Effective procedures, methods and rules of the team have universal application. The effectiveness of the group depends primarily on the quality of its leader. The individual must sacrifice his freedom to belong to the group. ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã… ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± heigh ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  Theory of group creation Among the theories that explain the formation of groups, the dominant and most prevalent is the one suggested by George Homans (Albanese and Van Fleet and 1985:250). According to this theory, the creation of a team is the result of three interrelated forces that constitute the environment in which every social system exists. These forces are the technology and know-how (technological environment) of the organization, the elements of the natural environment (place, facilities) of the organization, the training / culture of the environment or of the organization (norms, values, beliefs). These forces affect more people and require certain actions and interactions among them. These imposed actions and interactions in turn create emotional situations (emotions) and attitudes among individuals. The actions, interactions and emotions are interdependent with each other. For example, the more contacts (interactions) exist among individuals the more positive the emotions become and vice versa . This combination of these three parameters, Homans calls it external system because it is caused by the environment of the individuals. This combination leads to the initial creation of the group. After the initial creation of the group, its operation leads to internal dynamics i.e. developing new attitudes, norms and common benchmarks that are certainly not caused by the environment. These parameters of the internal dynamics of the group are according to Homans (Albanese and Van Fleet 1985:252) the internal system. Of course, between the internal environment of the group and its external environment there is a dynamic interactive relationship. The formation of a formal team/group The formation of a formal group follows four successive stages (Tuckman 1965:385, Tuckman Jensen 1977:421): The forming stage, which tries to determine the position and status of the team members. At this stage, a group of people form a team which has a very low level of maturity. The objectives and rules are not yet defined. The members do not know the behavior of others in the group, and the tasks are vague. At this stage members get to know each other and define the reasons for creating the team. Typically here, the members make efforts to ensure the existence and identity of the group or to create impressions. Communication is superficial, and people mostly think how to behave and invest the time, knowledge and skills within the group. There is skepticism, distrust and uncertainty.ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± usually commonly ordinarily customarily in the ordinary way ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± there in The storming stage where the first signs of conflicts and objections appear as the differences among the group members become apparent. This phase lasts up to the setting of a hierarchy within the group. At this stage, most members try to maintain their individuality in the group. This mainly involves the creation of sub-groups (cliques) among members with common main characteristics (age, characters, skills, etc.). These processes, however, lead to a more realistic definition of goals and procedures. Unfortunately, several teams remain long enough at this stage or they never get over it.ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± usually commonly ordinarily customarily in the ordinary way The stage of establishing standards (norming), where the team, after the conflict, begins to make its own rules of conduct, which should refer to the roles and status of the members as well as to the rules that should be followed. The stage of performance (performing), where the team is involved in the project assigned. At this stage, the team having made clear its goals and tasks and having determined the procedures and rules of operation, focuses on achieving its objectives. The members develop initiatives and make efforts towards this direction. It is basically a stage of maturity of the group meaning its structure and operating procedures are crystallized, the relationships among its members are developed as well as its consistency. Thus, the teams efforts are focused on delivering results. Of course, the team periodically assesses its performance, which may lead to a redefinition of goals, roles, tasks, procedures and rules. It should be stressed that the maintenance of the team at this stage needs constant effort from all members and of course from the leader. It is also important to understand that the group may, for various reasons (e.g. changes in the environment, new members, etc.) go back to previous stages.ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± usually commonly ordinarily customarily in the ordinary way ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± usually commonly ordinarily customarily in the ordinary way The stage of dissolution (adjournment), where the team has done its work and stops all activity. This stage is not always displayed, while a characteristic example concerns the various committees that are formed. Group decision making Many times the effective team function encounters certain problems that managers must be aware to identify and treat them successfully. Koontz and O Donnel (1968:327) suggest the following team problems: the high cost in time and money,indecision,the reconciliation of members to a lowest common denominator,the dominance of an individual on the team,the division of responsibility and the tyranny of the minority. ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± many times According to Janis (1972), when a very coherent, hierarchical and disconnected from the social environment group must decide, it is possible that a mechanism is activated to protect the group from internal dissension, in which everyone tries to ensure unity and consensus and avoid conflict, which significantly reduces the quality of decision. Janis (1972:168) suggests the following symptoms of group thinking: The illusion of the perfection of the team The rationalization of everything and the depreciation of facts and objective information The illusion of moral underpinnings The devaluation of external environmental factors The pressure for compliance and strong patterns of thinking The illusion of unanimity Self-censorship The obstacles in the minds of others Small number of alternative solutions and refusal to reexamine decisions that have been taken or alternatives that have been rejected. Ignore or underestimate risks.ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ being creature ÃŽÂ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ the The opposite of group thinking is brain-storming. Such an approach means that the team takes a liberal stance and generates as many ideas as possible » (Mullins, 1989:409) because its members believe that quantity of ideas mean quality of ideas. One could expect that a group of brainstorming would generate more ideas to solve problems rather than if each member worked independently. Nevertheless, researches have shown that this is not true, and that such groups can inhibit creative thinking. Whatever promotes social interaction among all team members removes the chances of compromise and favours the appearance of opinions that no one dared to express in the group. The conflict is even more efficient (leading to more polarization) in groups where relationships are less formal, the hierarchy is less authoritarian and in groups having flexible rules of operating i.e. they focus more on the discussion rather than procedures (Isaacs 1993:99). These conditions are not far removed from those that play a positive role in creativity. Conflicts Team performance is sometimes impeded by conflicts. A conflict is associated with two or more sides, which may be individuals, groups, departments, companies, political parties, or even whole nations. The conflicts between the two sides may have the following types (Stoner 1989:59): Individual conflicts: the conflict in the individual decision-making. Organizational conflicts: the conflict of individuals or groups within an organization. Conflicts among organizations: the conflict among organizations or groups. These three categories generally arise from rather different basic mechanisms, although there are some overlaps. From an organizational point of view, the conflicts could be categorized as: Hierarchical conflict, i.e. conflict among different hierarchical levels, e.g. between the Board and the General Manager. Operational conflicts among different functions or departments of the business, e.g. between sales and production. Conflicts of executive fist line employees. Conflicts between the formal and informal organization. The conflicts among individuals and groups are a common and everyday phenomenon in the workplace. Typical symptoms of conflict are reluctance, hesitation, aggression, apathy, anxiety and distress (Hellerieger Slocum 1992:222). Individuals and groups with different values, experiences, knowledge, skills, attitudes, responsibilities, needs and goals, must coexist and cooperate in an organizational environment characterized by uncertainty and complexity in terms of structures, procedures, techniques, rules, etc. Therefore, conflicts are a natural consequence of this situation. The Classical School of Management (Taylor 1947:89, Fayol 1949:245) considers conflict as a negative phenomenon that should be avoided because of the malfunction caused and the negative effects on efficiency. For example, Elton Mayo (1933:87) and Peter Drucker (1974:220), in essence, argue that conflict and tension are only a perversion from the normal state of human actions, and therefore, should be allowed to disappear through training. In particular, the traditional concept featuring an even larger number of managers belief, supports that: -Conflicts can be avoided. -Conflicts arise from personality problems of individuals and from unsuccessful leadership. -Conflicts cause malfunctions in the organization and generally have explosive consequences Conflicts are solved with the physical removal of the conflicting parties or with the involvement of senior managers. However, unlike this traditional view, the development of social sciences, led to the development of the modern concept of management regarding conflicts and which supports the following (Robbins 1998:251): Conflicts are inevitable and are neither good nor bad, i.e. they may have either negative or positive consequences. These conflicts are mainly due to the complexity of organizational structures, procedures, rules, techniques and systems. The conflicts can be addressed positively by removing the reasons that cause them and by solving the problems. So, according to the modern perception, conflict is an inevitable and natural phenomenon. Besides its negative consequences that are more or less obvious, it can have positive ones like enabling people for more action, becoming a driving force for positive changes in the organization or becoming a developmental experience. It is therefore, obvious that it is more realistic to believe that conflicts have both positive and negative effects. In the positive ones belong new ideas, innovations and changes, better decision making, increased participation, a possible increase in productivity as well as the strengthening of relations if the conflict is solved positively by both sides. In the negative ones belong the waste of energy, the reduction of morale (less job satisfaction), the creation of mistrust and polarization between the conflicting parties, reduced productivity, making biased decisions, and the creation of irresponsible behavior. It is important therefore to find the appropriate level and intensity of the conflict, so the company can reap the highest benefits. According to Robbins (1998:280), an excellent level of conflict is the one that does not create stagnation, but on the contrary it stimulates creativity and relieves tension, in order to increase productivity and create conditions for change, without causing disruption and detuning or staff dissatisfaction and trends for leaving the company. From the above, it becomes obvious that the handling of conflict is one of the main tasks of the leader and of the other team members. The effectiveness of these controls undoubtedly contributes to the overall effectiveness of the team and the company (cast 1994). Prevention of inter-organizational conflict The main reason of appearance of conflicts in the organizational context is the segmentation of organizations (segmentation of departments, tasks and operations), which, however, is essential for their functionality. Given. therefore, the existing segmentation, Schein (1980:88) recommends the following methods to prevent conflict: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emphasis should be given on the efficiency of the organization, while stressing the role and the contribution of the individual parts to the whole performance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There should be communication and cooperation among the groups of the same organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There should be a circular rotation of the members in various departments to promote greater understanding of the particular problems faced by each department or each group. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Competition among departments or groups should be avoided. Emphasis should be given in coordinating the forces and actions aiming at the overall performance of the organization. The rewards should be allocated equally among the departments and they should be based on effort and contribution and not on the result. Characteristics of effective teams Sense of common mission and vision and understanding of the interdependence. Comfortable,informal atmosphere and positive climate. Existence of commonly accepted and optimistic goals, members commitment to them and the ability to redefine them as necessary. Align individual and team goals. Ability to select, correct methods, procedures and rules and change them when it is needed. Open and effective communication. Free expression of feelings, ideas, opinions, etc. Capability of achieving consensus through debate and arguments. Ability to self criticism and definition of minimum tolerable efficiency. Team learning through sharing of knowledge and experiences, successes, failures and mistakes. Exploiting the knowledge, skills, experience and attitudes of all members. Satisfaction and motivation of members. Ability to ensure consistency of the team. Encourage risk-taking initiatives and creativity. Commitment and accountability of members. Mutual respect, self-respect and mutual trust among members. Energy dynamism. Effective leadership. ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã… ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± heigh ΑΠºÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’ ÃŽÂ  Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã… ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± heigh Conclusion Team performance Regarding the productivity of individuals and groups based on experiments, observations and theoretical positions of social psychologists, the following conclusions can be drawn: It is not certain that a team performs better than a person. So when the person knows the job, and there is a moderate level of conflict, then s/he will perform better than the team. If the person has the skills to solve a complex task, s/he will succeed equally well but will need more time. The conflict gives rich and varied solutions to the problems the group has, however, it has increased costs in human working hours (Jehn 1995:270). In the working groups where the individual contribution to the project cannot be identified and evaluated, it is likely that the performance of individuals and of teams will be reduced (Jehn, 1997:272). When the person works in the presence of others and believes that the others assess his/her performance while the work that s/he does is simple or familiar, the chances are that s/he will perform well. The opposite will probably happen when the task is difficult or when the individual does not know it well. In teams, people evaluate the contribution of other members. If the person feels that others will do the job then s/he will reduce, presumably, his own performance (the phenomenon of the free rider). The same will be done if s/he feels that someone is trying to benefit from his work (the phenomenon of the sucker )(Kerr Brunn, 1983:82). Many of these phenomena explain partly the inefficiency of public services where there is no performance evaluation of each employee separately. The lack of motivation is also important and this has resulted in the phenomena of the free rider and the sucker. The committees for solving problems or performing tasks are not always the best solution, since they lead to a loss of incentives, diffusion of responsibility and avoidance of work by some employees. Excluding the cases calling for diversity of ideas and viewpoints, individuals will perform better than teams.

Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1

Introduction to Marketing – Comparing Marketing Techniques in H&Meting Techniques in Hollister and Primark For this assignment I was meant to write about Primark and Hollister. I am still basing part of my assignment on Primark. But, I have changed Hollister to H & M as I was unable to find any information on Hollister The information I found on Hollister the background I couldn’t find anything about aims and objectives and how Hollister market the business. The information I found on Hollister Hollister is an American lifestyle brand.The concept of Hollister was originally designed to attract customers between the ages of 14 to 18 as there prices are lower than the parent brand. Hollister clothing line was inspired by the parent brand SoCal. Hollister products are available in store across the world and online. Hollister was the second most preferred clothing on a list West Coast companies in 2008. The businesses I have chosen for this assignment are Primark and H&M. H &M Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, in Ireland Primark is known as Penneys.Primark have different store all around the world such as Portugal, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands United Kingdom and Belgium. Primark’s main headquarters are in Dublin. Primark first opened in 1969 on Mary Street in Dublin. Primark’s mission statement: â€Å"To supply quality clothing at prices perceived to offer real value. † Primark’s aims and objectives are: * To provide good quality products to customers. Primark want customers to know that they are an excellent company which provide good products for low prices. Primark achieve this by doing tests on their clothing and product to examine the quality of the goods they sell. Profit Maximisation * To sell products and clothing at reasonable prices. Primark want their customers to have a variety of clothing and product at suitable prices. Primark well achieve this aim by looking at what other high street store are selling and make their prices lower so they stay ahead of their competition. * To be helpful and friendly to customers and other employees. The customer of Primark like the atmosphere at Primark and service given this well make them to come back so therefore Primark well gain repeat customers. Primark will achieve this by greeting the customer as they walk in.By doing this Primark employees create an excellent atmosphere for customers as the greeting makes them feel welcome. * To treat everyone the same. A customer at Primark needs to feel that they are treated the same as any other customer at Primark. If a customer feel they are being treated differently to someone else they are more likely to shop somewhere else so therefore Primark well lose customers because the customer who thinks they were treated unfairly will tell their family and friends about their experience at Primark so word of mouth well have an impact on Primark.H & M’s mission statement: The aims and objectives of H & M are: H&M aims: * To show appreciation. * To encourage long-term commitment. * To promote future recruitment. * To strengthen H&M as an attractive employer. H&M have three mean marketing objectives the three objectives are: * To make the H&M brand name more well known by doing more promotion example more advertising. The H&M brand need to be more outstandingly outside of significant cities. In the USA more people are unaware of what H&M offer.So to gain more customers and beat their competitors H&M are advertising the brand in different way compared to their competition example H&M membership. If you are a member of H&M you can get text messages and email informing customers about the newest product H&M have. The H&M brand need to be well known as the more people know about the brand, the easier it is to expand such as more stores in more countries. * To focus on the fact which H&M’s regular sale prices are usually lower than their competitors.The second objective of H&M i s to focus a percentage of the advertising to the fact that H&M average sale prices are more regularly lower than their competition. H&M rely on nonstop focus on cutting cost. Also the officials in H&M buy the materials as cheaply as possible; H&M also need to keep their overheads low. All the advertisements focusing on H&M’s low price but good quality products. This helps keeps the H&M’s brand image in a positive light among their teenage customers while still stating that they are good value for money. To use economic slowdown as a possibility to expand by obtaining more low – cost venue and prepare for future economic growth. H&M want to expand in the USA by securing low cost venues. As the economic property market gets worse H&M which leases it’s will find it more straightforward acquiring prime locations at excellent period. This will give H&M an advantage when the property market picks back up. H&M use the opportunity to expand to low – price d venues for the future climb in the brand There are similarities in the way Primark and H&M market their products for example jeans.Primark market their new collection of jean on the internet by having â€Å"pop up† advertisements on line for example on if you have an email contact sometimes there are advisements. H&M advertise the same way as Primark but they also have television advertisements advertising for example a new pair of jeans. Also if you’re a member of the H&M you get emails to your email address informing the receiver about any new collections. Primark do give got leaflet or fashion books with the season’s current fashion in which can be found at the store.H&M do give their customer leaflets and booklets informing them of the season current fashion which H&M sell in store. For example the leaflet or booklet could be about all the different types of jeans H&M sell. It is also type advertising. If Primark were to give their customers leaflets and b ooklets they would gain more customers. H&M do competitions but H&M customers are only allowed to enter the completion once they have spent a certain amount of money at their store or on line.Primark don’t do competitions as their purpose is to gain customers by selling products cheaply. H&M give out vouchers to their customer and also do discounts at the end of season on their clothing this is a great marketing strategy because the customer knows that H&M want to make a profit but they also take the customers The two marketing tools Primark and H&M use are Market Penetration and Market Development. Market penetration is used in Primark and H&M. For example Primark and H&M sell clothing such as jeans tops dress coats jackets e. . which are existing products to existing markets. Using market penetration is a marketing strategy which the aim is that Primark and H&M Primark and H&M both use market development because the aim of market development is to sell existing products int o new markets. Primark and H&M have opened store around the world. H&M also distribute clothing in different ways. Example they have an order before 3pm and you get the product you ordered the next day. You can also order online and collect at the store which is local to you.Market development is a dangerous strategy compared to market penetration because market development target new customers and markets. To conclude this report I think that branding and (something else) are need in Primark and H & M in order for the business to be successful. Marking strategies are key in business in order to give the business structure. Introduction to Marketing – The Effectiveness of Marketing Techniques used by H&M Market penetration are customer know purchase a product.For example if someone was to purchase a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M . The market would be people in the UK who like limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M would grow by the rising number of people in the m arket who have bought the dress at H&M. Market development is when a business sells an existing product to new markets such as new customers. So in the example of the a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M could sell limted edtion Anna Dello Russa Rangein America.The product wouldn’t have changed, the prouct is just being sold to a different market to different customers. One of the advantages of using market penetration is that H&M would offer lower prices for a specified period to attract new customers. The customers might not respond when the normal price returns. But during that period they will get more customers. A disadvantage of using market penetration is that it could result in reduced profitability. As when using market penetration H&M reduce pricing meaning they may result in profits being low.If H&M were to launch a new range the result in sales may not cover the adversiting coasts and distribution costs. As market penetration seeks to achieve four main obj ectives what are: * To maintain the market share of current products. * Secure dominance of growth markets. * Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors. * Increase usage by existing customers. The advantage market penetration is that it can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and personal shopper.H&M do all of the strategies listed above they adviste on telvision and online and in local area by posters. For the more high end people they even offer a personal shopper service. H&M use market penetration to adviste the business to make it more known for example when H&M advertise they are letting there customers know what products they are selling H&M uses another objective of the market penetration to their advantage by increase usage by existing customers by having a loyalty scheme.H&M offer a store card to their customers when their customers use the store card they get discounts on certain products in the shop. * It identifies what customers want. Market development indenties what customers want. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: * New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country * New product dimensions or packaging: for example New distribution channels (e. g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) * Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets. The advantage of using market development is that H&M sell products such as clothing that all ready exists to new customers/ markets. Another advantage of market development is that H&M are selling clothing to new customers in different countries.The disadvange of doing th is is that ecomic changes can happen in the countries which H&M have expand to meaning that they will therefore may lose money and their share holders divident can go down. The disadvange of using market development is that it is risker than using market penetration. The reseach I did to come to the conclusion I have made can be found on these websites and in the books listed below: Bevan, John; Coupland-Smith, Helen; Dransfield, Rob. BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. http://www. penetrating. net/ http://www. s-m-i. net/pdf/Business%20strategyntro. pdf Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1 Introduction to Marketing – Comparing Marketing Techniques in H&Meting Techniques in Hollister and Primark For this assignment I was meant to write about Primark and Hollister. I am still basing part of my assignment on Primark. But, I have changed Hollister to H & M as I was unable to find any information on Hollister The information I found on Hollister the background I couldn’t find anything about aims and objectives and how Hollister market the business. The information I found on Hollister Hollister is an American lifestyle brand.The concept of Hollister was originally designed to attract customers between the ages of 14 to 18 as there prices are lower than the parent brand. Hollister clothing line was inspired by the parent brand SoCal. Hollister products are available in store across the world and online. Hollister was the second most preferred clothing on a list West Coast companies in 2008. The businesses I have chosen for this assignment are Primark and H&M. H &M Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, in Ireland Primark is known as Penneys.Primark have different store all around the world such as Portugal, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands United Kingdom and Belgium. Primark’s main headquarters are in Dublin. Primark first opened in 1969 on Mary Street in Dublin. Primark’s mission statement: â€Å"To supply quality clothing at prices perceived to offer real value. † Primark’s aims and objectives are: * To provide good quality products to customers. Primark want customers to know that they are an excellent company which provide good products for low prices. Primark achieve this by doing tests on their clothing and product to examine the quality of the goods they sell. Profit Maximisation * To sell products and clothing at reasonable prices. Primark want their customers to have a variety of clothing and product at suitable prices. Primark well achieve this aim by looking at what other high street store are selling and make their prices lower so they stay ahead of their competition. * To be helpful and friendly to customers and other employees. The customer of Primark like the atmosphere at Primark and service given this well make them to come back so therefore Primark well gain repeat customers. Primark will achieve this by greeting the customer as they walk in.By doing this Primark employees create an excellent atmosphere for customers as the greeting makes them feel welcome. * To treat everyone the same. A customer at Primark needs to feel that they are treated the same as any other customer at Primark. If a customer feel they are being treated differently to someone else they are more likely to shop somewhere else so therefore Primark well lose customers because the customer who thinks they were treated unfairly will tell their family and friends about their experience at Primark so word of mouth well have an impact on Primark.H & M’s mission statement: The aims and objectives of H & M are: H&M aims: * To show appreciation. * To encourage long-term commitment. * To promote future recruitment. * To strengthen H&M as an attractive employer. H&M have three mean marketing objectives the three objectives are: * To make the H&M brand name more well known by doing more promotion example more advertising. The H&M brand need to be more outstandingly outside of significant cities. In the USA more people are unaware of what H&M offer.So to gain more customers and beat their competitors H&M are advertising the brand in different way compared to their competition example H&M membership. If you are a member of H&M you can get text messages and email informing customers about the newest product H&M have. The H&M brand need to be well known as the more people know about the brand, the easier it is to expand such as more stores in more countries. * To focus on the fact which H&M’s regular sale prices are usually lower than their competitors.The second objective of H&M i s to focus a percentage of the advertising to the fact that H&M average sale prices are more regularly lower than their competition. H&M rely on nonstop focus on cutting cost. Also the officials in H&M buy the materials as cheaply as possible; H&M also need to keep their overheads low. All the advertisements focusing on H&M’s low price but good quality products. This helps keeps the H&M’s brand image in a positive light among their teenage customers while still stating that they are good value for money. To use economic slowdown as a possibility to expand by obtaining more low – cost venue and prepare for future economic growth. H&M want to expand in the USA by securing low cost venues. As the economic property market gets worse H&M which leases it’s will find it more straightforward acquiring prime locations at excellent period. This will give H&M an advantage when the property market picks back up. H&M use the opportunity to expand to low – price d venues for the future climb in the brand There are similarities in the way Primark and H&M market their products for example jeans.Primark market their new collection of jean on the internet by having â€Å"pop up† advertisements on line for example on if you have an email contact sometimes there are advisements. H&M advertise the same way as Primark but they also have television advertisements advertising for example a new pair of jeans. Also if you’re a member of the H&M you get emails to your email address informing the receiver about any new collections. Primark do give got leaflet or fashion books with the season’s current fashion in which can be found at the store.H&M do give their customer leaflets and booklets informing them of the season current fashion which H&M sell in store. For example the leaflet or booklet could be about all the different types of jeans H&M sell. It is also type advertising. If Primark were to give their customers leaflets and b ooklets they would gain more customers. H&M do competitions but H&M customers are only allowed to enter the completion once they have spent a certain amount of money at their store or on line.Primark don’t do competitions as their purpose is to gain customers by selling products cheaply. H&M give out vouchers to their customer and also do discounts at the end of season on their clothing this is a great marketing strategy because the customer knows that H&M want to make a profit but they also take the customers The two marketing tools Primark and H&M use are Market Penetration and Market Development. Market penetration is used in Primark and H&M. For example Primark and H&M sell clothing such as jeans tops dress coats jackets e. . which are existing products to existing markets. Using market penetration is a marketing strategy which the aim is that Primark and H&M Primark and H&M both use market development because the aim of market development is to sell existing products int o new markets. Primark and H&M have opened store around the world. H&M also distribute clothing in different ways. Example they have an order before 3pm and you get the product you ordered the next day. You can also order online and collect at the store which is local to you.Market development is a dangerous strategy compared to market penetration because market development target new customers and markets. To conclude this report I think that branding and (something else) are need in Primark and H & M in order for the business to be successful. Marking strategies are key in business in order to give the business structure. Introduction to Marketing – The Effectiveness of Marketing Techniques used by H&M Market penetration are customer know purchase a product.For example if someone was to purchase a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M . The market would be people in the UK who like limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M would grow by the rising number of people in the m arket who have bought the dress at H&M. Market development is when a business sells an existing product to new markets such as new customers. So in the example of the a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M could sell limted edtion Anna Dello Russa Rangein America.The product wouldn’t have changed, the prouct is just being sold to a different market to different customers. One of the advantages of using market penetration is that H&M would offer lower prices for a specified period to attract new customers. The customers might not respond when the normal price returns. But during that period they will get more customers. A disadvantage of using market penetration is that it could result in reduced profitability. As when using market penetration H&M reduce pricing meaning they may result in profits being low.If H&M were to launch a new range the result in sales may not cover the adversiting coasts and distribution costs. As market penetration seeks to achieve four main obj ectives what are: * To maintain the market share of current products. * Secure dominance of growth markets. * Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors. * Increase usage by existing customers. The advantage market penetration is that it can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and personal shopper.H&M do all of the strategies listed above they adviste on telvision and online and in local area by posters. For the more high end people they even offer a personal shopper service. H&M use market penetration to adviste the business to make it more known for example when H&M advertise they are letting there customers know what products they are selling H&M uses another objective of the market penetration to their advantage by increase usage by existing customers by having a loyalty scheme.H&M offer a store card to their customers when their customers use the store card they get discounts on certain products in the shop. * It identifies what customers want. Market development indenties what customers want. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: * New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country * New product dimensions or packaging: for example New distribution channels (e. g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) * Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets. The advantage of using market development is that H&M sell products such as clothing that all ready exists to new customers/ markets. Another advantage of market development is that H&M are selling clothing to new customers in different countries.The disadvange of doing th is is that ecomic changes can happen in the countries which H&M have expand to meaning that they will therefore may lose money and their share holders divident can go down. The disadvange of using market development is that it is risker than using market penetration. The reseach I did to come to the conclusion I have made can be found on these websites and in the books listed below: Bevan, John; Coupland-Smith, Helen; Dransfield, Rob. BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. http://www. penetrating. net/ http://www. s-m-i. net/pdf/Business%20strategyntro. pdf