The Impact of Two Strong Political Parties on America’s...

The Impact of Two Strong Political Parties on America’s Politics The Constitution has nothing to say about political parties. Nowhere does it define political parties or explicitly specify that there should be two dominant parties. Nevertheless, America has had a strong two party system for last 150 years, a degree of party stability and endurance that can be found in no other nation (Landy and Milkis, 451). This system of two dominant parties has both its advantages and its drawbacks, the same as any system will. The two strong parties simplify and stabilize American politics from both the citizens’ and the politicians’ point of view and allow for government to be unified across the separation of powers built into the Constitution†¦show more content†¦The parties formed after the Constitution was adopted as the need to systematically search for and encourage popular support became apparent. The structure of a party allows a group of like-minded politicians to mold popular support in the favor of the candidate of their choic e where alone they could only accomplish the creation of multiple less organized and therefore less politically potent factions. The nature of the political system already in place gave no value to coming in second or third in elections at any level of government, leading to the natural growth of two strong parties who battle for supremacy at every election (July 22). The winner takes all, and the opposition spends their time getting ready to try again as they wait for their next chance. Once the two parties, Democrat and Republican, were firmly settled in to the system they affected legislation to give themselves automatic ballot access and state funding, making election that much harder for other parties and thereby ensuring that it remained a two party system (July 22). The two parties have continued their 150 year long tug-of-war battle for dominance and over time have become symbols of American politics. It is nearly impossible to hold a political discussion without bringing up either or both of the parties or some prominent member thereof in reference to where they stand on the issue being discussed. A majorShow MoreRelatedPolitical Figures Henry Clay And Andrew Jackson1232 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Paper One of the biggest rivalries in the United States Government that still impacts how the country operates today is between political figures Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. Although Henry Clay never made it into presidency, he made many impactful decisions and events on behalf of our country. During the mid 1800’s, there was a rapid change in the economics, demographics, and social aspects of the growing United States deeply affecting the lives of citizens. At the root of these issuesRead MoreThe United States Political System935 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States political system is dominated by an intense battle for power. Those who have control, have the ability to influence the way our nation is operated. While every citizen has the opportunity to impact politics, some citizens and groups are at a disadvantage. In America, we struggle to ensure that every individual has a chance to equally participate in the political process. Although anyone can run for political office in the United States, the cost of a campaign is expensive. ThroughoutRead MoreThe American Two Party System1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe American two-party system is the result of the way elections are structured in the United States. Representatives in the Congress and in state legislatures are elected to in single-member districts where the individual with the most votes wins. 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Washington’s Second Term The Election of 1792 - 1084 Words

In 1789, George Washington was unanimously elected by all 69 members of congress, to be the very first president of the United States of America. This unanimous vote was the result of Washington’s background. He was very well known in the thirteen states for being the leader of the great Continental Army, one that defeated the British in several key battles that ensured freedom and independence to the United States. Washington was also one of the people that helped found the Constitution, and he was well known, loved, and greatly respected by all the citizens and leaders of the United States. His first term was a great success, but there were more actions to be taken in the future. Thus, George Washington’s re-election in 1792 revealed the†¦show more content†¦Those were Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. By doing this, Washington also set the preceden ts for how these 4 major roles would interact with the presidency of himself as well as the future presidents. He also established the cabinet as the Chief Executive’s most trusted advisors. By doing all this, Washington had created a strong branch for the United States to go along with and he guaranteed the survival of the new nation as a powerful and independent country. A few closing events that led Washington to be elected for president and run for his second term were a few issues that began to rise in America, as well as Washington’s minor action of approving of Hamilton’s financial plan. But first off, the financial plan. Hamilton and Washington both had the same views for the future of the nation of the United States, and Hamilton came up with his Financial Plan. It had an origination from the financial aspects of the US government at the time that Washington had. He was very concerned about this topic. The financial plan was crucial to America in the fact that it made huge changes to the way federal bonds would be handled and how debts would be payed off. Washington knew this was crucial to the survival of America, and passed the plan, knowing that conditions at this point would be improvedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Aaron Burr s The Duel With Alexander Hamilton 1697 Words   |  7 Pagesduel occurred. For example, in the pres idential election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr had the same number of electoral votes, so the next president was determined by the House of Representatives. Alexander Hamilton’s number one politically enemy was Thomas Jefferson, but his distrust for Aaron Burr was so high Hamilton actively lobbied the Federalist-controlled House to support Jefferson over Burr. Not only did Hamilton define an election, he showed that he was a man of principles thatRead MoreGeorge Washington Presidential Outline2391 Words   |  10 PagesWashington (1732-1799) II. George Washington (NONE) (Although he was most closely aligned with the Federalist Party in his beliefs) First term – (1788-1792) Second term – (1792-1796) III. Education and Occupation A. George Washington was tutored and attended school on an irregular basis from ages 7 to 15, but had no formal education beyond grammar school. Read MoreResolutions For Amending The Constitution On Election Of The President1263 Words   |  6 PagesConstitution on Election of the President, 1800. (Gilder Lehrman Collection) Nasty political mud-slinging. Campaign attacks and counterattacks. Personal insults. Outrageous newspaper invective. Dire predictions of warfare and national collapse. Innovative new forms of politicking capitalizing on a growing technology. As much as this seems to describe our present-day presidential contests, it actually describes an election more than two hundred years past. 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Analysis of the Australian Budget of 2014-15

Question: Analysis of the Australian Budget of 2014-15. Answer: Introduction: The Australian budget of 2014 is the federal government budget to finance government services and functioning for the financial year 2014-15. This was the first budget that was delivered by the federal government lead by the Prime Minister Tony Abbot after the 2013 victory in the Australian federal election. The budget was presented by the treasurer Joe Hockey to the House of Representatives on 13th May 2014 (Wikipedia, 2014). The budget handed down by the treasurer was considered by Australians to be a tough budget featuring tax increases, welfare cuts and also deductions in the health and education expenditures (Pitrowski, 2014). The treasurer had put aside the accusations of broken promises and rather claimed that the 2014-15s federal budget is a part of the Government Action Strategy Plan which focuses to plug in the flaws and shortfalls of the budget and aim to build a strong and growing economy (Australian Government website, 2014). In overview by the end of the year there had been a budget deficit of $29.8 billion in 2014-15 with the unemployment rate at 6.25% and the overall economic growth of 2.5% in the financial year of 2014-15. On the other hand comparing with the budget overview of the previous year of 2013-14 we see the budget deficit was lower of $18 billion, the unemployment rate of 5.75% which was comparatively lower and the overall economic growth rate had been 2.75% slightly higher than 2014-15(Business Day, 2014). The 2014-15 federal budgets had various features and decisions of the government which benefitted some as well as made losses to some. We shall look into these features, their effects and implementations and identify the winners and losers after the implementation of the budget. Evaluation: We shall first look into the key initiatives of the 2014-15 budget. As previously mentioned this federal budget was more as a part of the Governments Economic Action Strategy focusing on the resolution of the flaws and shortfalls of the budget and aiming to build up a strong and productive economy. There were a series of savings decisions in the budget which actually helped in bringing back Australia to a sustainable and responsible budget position. There were significant changes done to the budget with a government bureaucracy downsizing, new implementations for medical research, welfare changes and funding on roads. Until 2023, a budget surplus was not expected. By 2023-24 debt is projected to be approximately $300 billion lesser which is far low compared to the debt of $667 billion at the Mid-Year Economic and Fiscal Outlook of 2013-14(Australian Government website). The National Commission of Audit was commissioned in the month of October of 2013 for recommending various measures for the reduction in government spending. There were 86 recommendations made by the commission. These recommendations included that the increases in the age pensions will be slower, retirement age would increase to 70 by the year 2035 and from 2027 in new means testing there would occur the inclusion of the family home. All these recommendations by the commission were adopted in the federal budget. We look at the table given below: Table 1, showing the Federal governments government sector expenses as a proportion of GDP expressed in percentage from 2000-01 to 2017-18. We also get Fig 1, a graph from the tabulated data, where we see that there had been a dip in the percentage of GDP of the expenses in 2006-07 at 23.93% which increased to 24.08% in 2007-08 and since then over the last 7 years there has been a rise in expenditure as a percent of GDP and reached 26.2% in 2013-14 and the percentage of expenditure fell to 25.42% in 2014-15. The expected expenses are further expected to go down to 25.3% in the year 2017-18. TABLE 1: Expenditure as a proportion of GDP in percentage Year Proportion of GDP (%) 2000-01 25.48 2001-02 25.57 2002-03 25.13 2003-04 25.06 2004-05 24.89 2005-06 24.34 2006-07 23.93 2007-08 24.8 2008-09 25.92 2009-10 26.29 2010-11 25.5 2011-12 25.7 2012-13 25.3 2013-14 26.23 2014-15 25.42 2015-16 25.22 2016-17 25.3 2017-18 25.25 Source: Australian government (budget.gov.au) Fig 1: Expenditure as a proportion of GDP (in %) If we first focus on the revenue side of the budget, taxation is the key element. A 2% deficit levy on over $180,000 personal income was introduced, which was supposed to raise revenue of $2.5 billion a year over its duration. Temporary Budget Repair Levy was the legislation to impose the levy commenced on the 1st July 2014 and would apply for 3 years. It also was announced the decrease in the corporate tax rate to 1.5% from the 1st July 2015 to the rate 28.5%. On the other hand, the Family Tax Benefit Part B was recommended to be abolished indicating that means would be tested to a new $100,000 threshold amount. Federal fuel excise was also introduced and the adjustment made twice a year would raise $3.7 billion in its 4 years. Hence the change being in effect from 10 November 2014 increased the base rate from 38.14 per liter to 38.6. (BusinessDay, 2014) The expenditure section of the budget included several components with both increases and cuts. If we consider education, the budget introduced university fees to be completely deregulated. There was also the common wealth funding that was extended to the students at TAFEs, sub-bachelor degrees and colleges at an amount of $820 million over a period of 3 years. There was also introduction of indexation of school funding to inflation from 2018 with the school funding of labors Gonski being dumped from 2017-2018 which would bring savings of about $30 billion. On the other hand at a cost of $243.5 million over a period of 5 years continued for the school chaplaincy program. Higher university costs were expected to be faced by students with the announcement of the government that university fees will be uncapped from 2016(Australian government department of education and training, 2014). There was also the announcement that the government would charge an interest rate on FEE-HELP loans w hich reflected the government borrowings cost. Turning towards health expenditures Australians were to pay for blood tests, X-rays and GP visits a minimum amount of $7 whereas, for prescription drugs usual patients were to pay $5 more and 80 more for concessional patients. There were about billions cut down from hospitals and these freely charged for emergency department. On the other hand for Medical Research the budget outlined a Medical Research Future Fund of about $20billion this would come from the savings in the health care revenue. But even after this enormous increase in medical research funding, funds for research organizations will go down by $146.8 billion over a period of 4 years. Turning towards public service the budget mentioned that the government would dump the jobs commonwealth public servants of about 16500 along with the scrapping of various federal agencies on indicating the remaining agencies of future possible closures. It also announced that the efficiency d ividend will be increased by 0.25 per cent. That also brings us to the issue of unemployment. The eligibility age for Newstart is raised by the government from 22-25 for the young people who are searching for work which would make people under 30 wait for 6 months to be eligible for Newstart and devoid young people of the extra $96 earned per fortnight on turning 22 and shifting from the less paid Youth Allowance to Newstart. However, employers are at advantage as they would be paid $10,000 for 6 months for hiring people over 50 seeking for jobs whereas they would be paid $6000 for 12 months and $8000 for 18 months and $10000 for two years (ABC, Budget 2014). Considering infrastructure the government had outlined $11.6 billion in the new projects funding, a part of which is in the form of an asset recycling scheme where the government contributed till 15% of the value of State assets which are invested in new infrastructure projects. On the other hand for the mining sector the government provided $100 million over 4 years for the exploration of minerals which gave small explorers a way in to refundable tax offset for their Australian shareholders. As per the private sector, the there has been a 1.5% cut in the corporate tax rate also with the big businesses facing a 1.5% levy to pay for its parental leave scheme. There is also the announcement in the budget regarding the start of the Entrepreneurs Infrastructure Program which accounts for a $484.2 million cost over a period of 5 years. This program is with the objective to support good and innovative ideas and commercialize those providing advices and information regarding the market and the industry. The government however is eliminating similar programs and assistance bodies saving $845.6 million (BusinessDay, 2014). The other key element of the budget is regarding foreign aid. Over 5 years, the government is cutting back $7.6 billion from the foreign aid budget hence keeping funding of foreign assistance at present levels. The saving from this is equivalent to approximately one third of all the expense cuts over the forward estimates. On the other hand, for defense, the budget announced a $1.5 billion in defense expenses from 2017-18 to earlier years with defense costs efficiencies reinvested into defense. Finally we consider the environment where the government has cut down renewable investment as the Australian Renewable Energy Agency got abolished which saves $1.3 billion. The $2.55 billion that was aimed to fund the Emissions Reduction Fund was announced to be spread over a period of 10 years unlike the four years as said before. The budget also said about the funding of $525 million for the initiative Green Army but this gets offset by a loss of $438 million to the community groups of Landc are which does a similar job as that of Green Army. Below we have the tabulation in Table 2 of expenses by function of the financial year 2014-15 along with Fig 2 based on this table showing the percentage of the total Australian government government sector expenses by function of 2014-15. We see that about out of the total expenses one third are spent on social security and welfare programs whereas on the health function programs one sixth is devoted. Significant investments are also done towards education and defense functions.(ABC, Budget 2014) TABLE 2: Expenses by functions in 2014-15 Function Expense(%) Social security and welfare 35 Other purposes 20 Health 16 Education 7 General public services 6 Defence 6 All other functions 10 Fig 2: Expenses by function in 2014-15 Having looked into the key features both of the 2014-15 budget we now analyse who turn out to be the winners and the losers from these changes. We list down the winners and the losers as follows based on the budget: Winners: Medical Research stood out as a key winner with the $20 billion funding aiming for further research developments. The infrastructure sector won in this budget outline with new projects receiving funding of $11.6 billion funding. This is also in asset recycling scheme form with the federal government contributing for state assets that are being invested in new infrastructural projects. This led to further infrastructural development. Defense sector also gets a boost with increase in spending of about 1.5 billion with efficiencies derived reinvested back into the sector that is generally not done for other Commonwealth departments Mining sector also won receiving $100 million for minerals exploration over four years which also gives small explorers a tax offset (refundable) for their Australian shareholders. Neutral: High income earners are imposed a debt levy of 2% with incomes greater that $180,000 but for three years. These high income earners also get affected by the changes in fuel levy surcharge with the petrol prices moving with the inflation indexed in every 6 months. But on the other side the government also has opposed the propsals to close down on the essential tax minimization schemes like negative gearing and superannuation concessions that allow the high income earners to make up for large portion of their income. The effect on the private sector is also comparatively neutral with 1.5% cut in the corporate tax along with big businesses getting a levy of 1.5% though not clearly mentioned in the budget. The automotive sector will also incur losses as the government has cut off or cancelled programs responding to the announcements made by Toyota and Holden which said that they would cease the Australian car manufacturing in joining Ford. There is also the spending of $484.2 million over a period of five years on the Entrepreneurs Infrastructure Program which would generate much more innovative ideas. But to support such a program their had also been elimination of 8 such industry assistance bodies or programs which saved the government $845.6 million. Losers: Families do incur losses from the 2014 budget with reduction in the family tax benefit cutoff from $100,000 to $150,000. There also occurred a real terms loss of income as all family benefits would be put on hold till 2016 or 2017 because it will no more take into consideration increases in inflation. They will also face the petrol excise increase indexed to inflation in every six months. As well a GP co-payment of $7 for visits to the GP for the first 10 per year will also affect them along with charges for visits to emergency rooms that hospital will take for patients who only need a visit to a GP. Medicines on the pharmaceuticals benefits scheme will also be more expensive. Along with this senior citizens also turn out to be the losers with pensioners being affected by the GP co-payment of $7, losing seniors supplement for the Commonwealth seniors health card owners, hit by fuel excise indexing, facing more difficulties in applying for the Seniors Health Card, along with 1.3billio n cut in spending from Commonwealth support to different state and territory based seniors and lastly the pension age will increase to 70 affecting Australians only born after 1966.(Daley, 2014) The young people and university students are also at loss as the government rises the eligibility age of Newstart from 22 to 25 which would abduct them from the increase of $414 per fortnight to $510. Although the government extended its help to diplomas and other postgraduate studies via the FEE-HELP scheme but charged with an interest on the FEE-HELP loans and lowering of the minimum threshold income by 10% to repay loans. They also face higher costs of the universities as the Government uncapped the university. The government scraps out the Gonski school funding plan and hence, in overall with dumping of funding, interest rates on schemes and high university costs, etc also has a grave impact on Education (Daley, 2014). Hospital funding agreements will also be wound back from 2017 along with other health cuts affects the Health sector. Fall of $7.6 billion from the foreign aid budget with allotment of foreign aid with increase along with inflation also makes it fall under the losers. The budget also affected the public services and service providers with the government taking down jobs of 16500 Commonwealth public servants, scraping down various federal agencies but also increased the efficiency dividend by 0.25%. Indigenous programs are at losses with a cut down of $534 million along with a cut of $9.5 million indigenous language support funding. Lastly the environment suffers too investments in renewable being slashed down, funding of the Emissions Reduction fund being spread over a larger number of years , i.e., 10 years, Carbon structure and storage program losing out $460 million but $525 million funded for Green Army (BusinessDay, 2014). Hence we saw the varying winners and losers from the budget 2014-15. The overall reception of this budget has been regressive with voters taken aback considering the measures to be miserable for the economy whereas over 60% also conveyed to a survey that the budget 2014 was unfair. The budget had been considered to have broken many election promises hurting consumers, businesses, senior citizens and also students. Based on the budget the economic forecasts by economists had turned out to be true with rise in unemployment to 6.2%, rise in the consumer price index, growth of wages to 3% and the real GDP remaining weak with growth rate of around 2.5%. As per economist Richard Holen who is an economics professor at the University of New South Wales Australian School of business the deficit levy is considered to be a terrible blow which would add to the income tax that is considered to be the most inefficient form of tax. On the other hand Sinclair Davidson from RMIT University , an insti tutional economics professor found the budget to be impressive with a lot to like about it mentioning about the reductions in spending that would return the budget to the surplus. He also goes ahead considering the university changes to be significant leading to greater competition and the 2014 budget fiscal balance compared to the MYEFO fiscal balance it is seen that the progress was majorly driven by the disparity in parameter with varying assumptions to circumstances (Davidson, Phillips, Ralston, 2014). State premiers on the other hand had been angry about the federal cut of an amount $80 billion to hospital funding and schools whereas NGOs critically hitting on the decisions of the cut backs on aid where the government went against its promise of increase in aid rather overturning major investments that could fight against poverty and inequality (Seager, 2014). Conclusion: Thus, the Abott governments 2014 Federal budget had been very regressive or can be said tough for voters equally sparking angry reactions from the Opposition and the lobby groups. The budget also evolved protests against it on 18th May of 2014, when thousands of people protested against the budget as they marched in the capital cities. There were especially strongest criticisms of the budget to be an example of broken promises of the government and also criticized of placing higher burdens on the low income earners in comparison to the wealthy, making it difficult for senior citizens, standing as a hurdle to alleviation of poverty and inequality with cut in foreign aid whereas boosting the defense, mining and medical research functions. Overall the budget was regressively taken by various sections of the society as it delivered greater number of losers than winners. References: Australian Government, Budget 2014-15, viewed 2 June 2016, Piotrowski, D 2014, Federal Budget, viewed 2 June 2016, Daley, J 2014, Budget pressures on Australian government 2014, viewed 2 June 2016, Wikepedia, 2014, 2014 Australian federal budget, viewed 2 June 2016, BusinessDay, 2014, Federal budget 2014: at a glance, viewed 2 June 2016, BusinessDay, 2014, Federal budget 2014: overview, viewed 2 June 2016, Seager, C 2014, NGOs react to the Australian budget, viewed 2 June 2016, Davidson, S, Phillips, B Ralston, D 2014, Federal budget 2014: economists react, viewed 2 June 2016.

The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students

The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. History . The French And Indian War Essay Example For Students The French And Indian War Essay The French And Indian War Essay The French and Indian War was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. We will write a custom essay on The French And Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. . The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War Essay was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. . The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay In July 1755, a few miles south of Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg where the Alegheny and Monongahela rivers meet, a combined force of French and Indians ambushed British and colonial troops. This catastrophe was to ultimately become the starting point of The French and Indian War Essay. During the Seven Years War, as the French and Indian War is commonly called, there were wins and losses on both sides, but ultimately the British were victorious with the help of William Pitt. However, the War caused England many economic, political, and ideological tribulations with the American colonists. In response to a French threat to Englands western frontiers, delegates from seven northern and middle colonies gathered in Albany, New York, in June 1754. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With the patronage of administers in London, they sought two goals: to persuade the Iroquois to abandon their traditional neutrality and to coordinate the defenses of the colonies. This Albany Congress succeeded in neither. While the Albany Congress representatives deliberated, Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia sent a small military force westward to counter the French moves. Virginia claimed ownership of Ohio, and Governor Dinwiddie hoped to prevent the French from founding their permanent post there. However, the militia group was too late, for the French were already constructing Fort Duquesne at the strategic point where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers meet. George Washington was twenty-two and commanded the Virginian militia who attacked a French detachment and eventually surrendered after a day-long battle during which more than one-third of his men were killed or wounded. Washington had made a huge mistake that would eventually set of a war that would encompass nearly the entire world. America, mayest well rejoice, the Children of New England may be glad and triumph (Doc. E). Led by William Pitt, a civilian official that was placed in charge of the war effort in 1757, Britain pursued a military strategy that was lacking in the years prior. In July 1758, British forces recaptured the fortress at Louisburg, cutting off the major French supply route. In a spectacular attack in 1759, General James Wolfes soldiers defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham and took Quebec. A year later the British captured Montreal, which was the last French stronghold on the continent, which ended the American phase of the war. In the Treaty of Paris, France ceded its major North American holdings to Britain. Thus the British ultimately gained control of the continents fur trade after the French relinquished Louisiana to Spain for partial compensation for its allys losses. The English seacoast colonies would no longer need to worry about the threat of their existence posed by Frances extensive North American territories. See Map (Doc. A)} However, with the sweets come the sour. The great victory over France had an irreversible impact on North America. An uprising lead by Pontiac, a war chief from the Ottawa village, showed Great Britain that the vast territory recently acquired from France was not easy to govern. With no experience managing such a huge area, London officials issued the Proclamation of 1763 in October which stated that the headwaters of rivers flowing into the Atlantic from the Appalachian Mountains would be the temporary western boundary for colonial settlement. Intended to prevent clashes by forbidding colonists to move onto Indian lands it quickly became an unenforceable policy that was doomed to failure. Other issues such as economic problems and political challenges arose rapidly after the Seven Year War. the revenue arising is very small and inconsiderable and is not sufficient (Doc F). The hard-won victory in the French and Indian War cost the British millions of pounds and created an enormous war debt. Englands burden of debt nearly doubled since 1754, from 73 million pounds to 137 million pounds. After considering their hardships, England felt it only right that the American colonists should pay their fair share of the debt for the Empire since they benefited so greatly from the wartime expenditures. Through acts such as the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act, American colonists were forced to pay high prices to the government. These acts were imposed on an economy already in the midst of depression. Not only with a depleted treasury, . The French And Indian War Essay Example For Students The French And Indian War Essay The French And Indian War Essay was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. We will write a custom essay on The French And Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. Words / Pages : 256 / 24 . The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War Essay was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. . The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian WarThe French and Indian war raged from 1754 to 1763. Its roots began long before the first shot was fired, about 100 years before between the French and the English. The French and Indian War was not fought between the French and the Indians, but the two allied with the Canadians against the English. It was the catalyst for the Seven Years War, from 1756-1763, which was brought over into Europe, the Carnatic Wars, and it eventually lead to the American Revolution.By the late 1600s to the beginning of the 1700s, the colonization of the Americas by the English had been reaping great rewards. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The English controlled much of the eastern seaboard, and were highly interested into further expansionism. The English often moved into the French territory and claimed the land as theirs. The French had established a vast area from Louisiana to the south to Canada to the north bordering the Spaniards to the left and the English to the right. The French had small frontier villages with ample land for the English to take. The French used their land for the same purposes the English used theirs, for trade and manifest destiny. However the French were frontier trappers who moved and settled in small numbers and not farmers, as the English were. Because of this the French made a good repor with the Indians, which seemed to be all around and the neighboring frontiersmen in Canada to the north. It was almost customary for a Frenchman to wed an Indian woman to strengthen trade agreements and the use of land as well as an interpreter/guide. As the English colonizers began to expand into and around the French territory much quarreling arose and disputes over whose land it really was just added to the fire. The French started to build forts up and down their territorys boarder. The French along with the Indians lead attacks against the English until they moved out of their territory. They French established a fort called Fort Le Boeuf just down river from Fort Duquesne next to lake Erie; this was already claimed as English territory. England sent Major George Washington to the region of Fort Duquesne to thwart the French from further expansion and to expel the from the area. While on a patrol for the French, Major Washington came upon a small group of Frenchmen, which he took for scouts. Major Washington ordered his men to fire killing many and further pursued the rest. In the end 10 men lay dead and 22 were captured. This was soon to be an act of war since England and France were at peace. The French tricked Major Washington into signing a letter written in French, which stated that Major Washington assassinated the 10 Frenchmen and attacked the rest. The always present Indian problem added to Englands decision to send two regiments of troops to protect the colonizers. When the French heard word of this they too sent several regiments of troops to protect the frontiersmen and settlers in their territory in New France. Peace talks in England soon began between the French. The commander of Frances troops was Baron de Dieskau who was under orders to defend New France and not to instigate any attack. The English sent General Braddock with a larger force than Major Washington to make war with the French on the frontier. The French being well aware of their surroundings, made good use of it while ambushing the English as they marched in columns toward the French to attack Fort Duqesne. .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .postImageUrl , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:hover , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:visited , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:active { border:0!important; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:active , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History Of Music Education: Greek, Roman And Egyptian Argumentative Essay The French certainly got the upper hand in this attack, killing many of the English soldiers and causing the to retreat. The English never faught in a gorilla warfare manner, but in columns and rows often facing musket and cannon fire. While the French sent troops over to the Americas, the English had 11 war ships waiting for the French to arrive. Not knowing if the French and the English were at war or not, the French pulled along side of the English Dunkirk and asked. The English Dunkirk fired into the French wiping out most of their men. The French had The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War Essay was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. Category: History .

My Observation Essays

My Observation Essays My Observation Essay My Observation Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: My Observation 1.35 pm- I arrived at the p.s 120 schoolyard located at the back and stood at the middle. From this position, I could notice everything that happened all around me. The first thing I noticed was that there were several parents also at the schoolyard pacing about and waiting patiently. There were several exits at the back of the school building that led into the schoolyard. The schoolyard also had a paddleball court. 1. 38pm- A security officer strolled into the schoolyard to inspect the area. After making his rounds, he went and stood at the center back of the schoolyard. 1.43 pm- I was still at the schoolyard when three classes made their way to the schoolyard from the exit door at left backside of the yard. The three classes then lined up in different areas in front of orange cones. Each grouping was representative of the different classes. Each class had two lines, one for the boys and the other for the girls. Even though the children were supposed to stand in line and remain orderly, that was not the case. Some of the children were leaning on the fence; others were jumping all over the place as they threw and swung around their book bags, but other children behaved correctly and remained orderly. The parents who stood at schoolyard moved forward to pick up their children, but before they could take them away, they had to sign a sheet of paper for the teacher who was supposed to release the children to them. The children were then released and the children went away with their respective parents and guardians. 1.45- A similar scenario took form once more. Three more classes came out into the schoolyard only this time they came in from the center exit located at the back of the schoolyard. Once more, the three classes lined up separately in front of the orange cones. Each class again had two lines, one for the boys and the other for the girls just like the previous group that came before them. In a similar fashion like the other lot, some children were behaving in a disorderly manner and some were orderly. The parents and guardians then moved forward, signed a sheet of paper and the children released to them by the teacher while the security officer kept a close watch of what was happening. 1.50pm- A teacher and the school security officer were speaking to a man who was recording his children as they came out of the school. The teacher and the security officer requested the man to put away his phone and stop recording since it was against school policy to record within the school vicinity. It also made other parents uneasy since they felt that the man was recording their children. In fact, it was a mother brought the issue to the attention of the teacher and the school security officer in the first place. After the conversation, the man put away his phone. 1.58- Three more classes came out. This time round, they came from the right exit located at the back of the schoolyard. There were still other parents in the schoolyard waiting for their children to come out. The children in a similar fashion like the rest of the groups stood in front of the orange cones under the direction of their teacher. The children made two lines each for the different classes. One line was meant or the girls and the other for the boys. Parents again went forth to pick up their children and just like the other parents and guardians, they had to sign a sheet of paper before the children were released. The teacher then released the child to their respective parents and guardians.

7 Writing Warm Ups for More Productive Writing

7 Writing Warm Ups for More Productive Writing Wonder how to stimulate and encourage your brain to simply dive into the writing process? A few warm-up activities will help to get your words and ideas flowing. Why is it important to warm up? The answer is quite predictable: to avoid the writers block and start writing right away. You would be surprised at how much writing will come from you once youre warmed up. Youll easily banish all distractions and get down to putting the words on paper. Here are a few proven ways to make you think and force your brains into action. 1. Describe Whats Going On Outside Your Window It is the easiest writing warm up ever! You just to have look out your window and write down your observations. Try not just to focus on people, buildings and weather, think what else is there. Do you see something unusual? Consider the peoples emotions and imagine what they may be talking about. Try to be specific to make sure that your description takes no more than 5 sentences. Its just a short warm up that shouldnt last more than 15 minutes. 2. Write Imaginary Definitions of Unknown Words Take a dictionary and open it on a random page. Find a word you are not sure how to define. Then create an imaginary definition for it. Play with words and youll discover new ways of saying old things. Be inspired and your imagination will help you produce the most vivid descriptions. Repeat this exercise for several times until you feel that your brain is warmed up enough to proceed with your main task. 3. Describe Your First Experience Describe your first. Your first day of school, first kitten, first job, first car, first yoga class, first date, it doesnt matter – all will make excellent stories. The first time of doing something is always an exciting experience, so youll easily find the right words to describe it and avoid that situation of staring at a blank sheet of paper. Concentrate on your emotions and start developing them in full – get the creative juices flowing! 4. Pretend Youre a Travel Writer Find a world map and blindly put your finger somewhere. Then pretend you are a travel writer and tell about the weird experience in that particular country. What happened? How did you behave in that unusual situation? How did you solve the problem? You may include anyone and anything you want into your story – locals, taxi drivers, bartenders, random people. Youll get a killer piece of content, just take some inspiration and put your pen to paper. 5. Create a Half-Page Monologue Creating monologues is a great way to warm up, so get in the habit of writing them. Take a newspaper or go to google news, find an interesting headline, then decide on a character who comes from that headline and write a short monologue for that character. Be specific, it is just a warm up and you dont have to create a long piece of writing. A half-page monologue will be more than enough to get your brain into the writing mode. 6. Write a Letter to Your Future Self Writing a letter can be a really wonderful experience. There are no restrictions on how old you should be – one year, five years or 10 years from now. What would you say? What kind of person would you be? What goals would you want to have achieved? Think about your place in life, your achievements or fails. First of all, identify the period of time to write about and start writing. Dont pay much attention to the letter format as its just a quick warm up. 7. Consider a Free Writing Session Give yourself a time limit and go. Dont stop, just get the words on a page. Write about everything that comes to your mind. Dont give your brain a moment to stop or evaluate your ideas, set a timer for 10 or 15 minutes and write without interruption. Free writing is not the time for editing or judging, you need to keep your pen moving. You will see that a free writing session is beneficial for more productive writing.

Design Differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design Differences - Essay Example Qualitative research is basically concerned with the social aspects of the research topics, such as, reasons for any specific behavior of people, reasons for differences between cultures and societies, reasons fro differences of behaviors, and the ways people shape their beliefs and opinions. On the other hand, quantitative research constructs statistical models based on the observations to explain issues in a statistical form. Quantitative research requires a good understanding of the statistics for the scientists in order to produce statistical results generated using large-scale surveys. However, all scientists are not good statisticians, so extensive statistical analysis can be a big problem for some researchers. Therefore, we can say that qualitative research is somewhat easier to do as compared to quantitative research. â€Å"Quantitative research is all about quantifying relationships between variables† (Hopkins, 2008). A quantitative research determines the relationshi p between an independent and a dependent variable in order to establish an association between the two variables. A quantitative research is a better way to prove a hypothesis based on numeric results of a research. Relationship with what is Being Researched Another difference between qualitative and quantitative forms of research is related to the relationship, which the researchers have with what they are researching. In a qualitative research, the researchers do not know much about the topic being researched; rather they have to make interactions with people in order to get a better understanding of the research topic. The researchers are interested in getting awareness of the meanings created by the people. In a qualitative form of research, the researchers interact personally with what is being researched whereas in a quantitative research, the researchers are independent of what is being actually researched. â€Å"Qualitative research may be necessary in situations where it i s unclear what exactly is being looked for in a study† (McGuigan, 2011). Qualitative research is purely a fieldwork in which a researcher needs to go to different people at different places in order to observe their actions and behaviors, whereas quantitative research is based on the opinions of different people, which the researchers use to produce the facts. In qualitative research design, researchers use focus group technique and in-depth interviews to explore attitudes and behaviors of people whereas in quantitative research design, the researchers measure opinions and behaviors of people using structured research instruments. In a qualitative research, the primary instrument used for data collection and analysis is the research, whereas in quantitative research design, researchers make use of interviews and questionnaires to collect data in a numeric form. â€Å"Quantitative research involves gathering data that is absolute, such as numerical data, so that it can be exam ined in as unbiased a manner as possible† (McGuigan, 2011). Time and Efficiency Another difference between the characteristics of qualitative and quantitative researches is based on time and efficiency of the two forms of researches. Qualitative research design consumes more time for completion as compared to quantitative rese

Criminology research proposal- To what extent is employee theft Proposal

Criminology - To what extent is employee theft effecting busness - Research Proposal Example This new aspect has threatened to derail business progress of many companies, with competitor firms easily finding ways to fix the subject firms using such secrets. Based on various statistics, as brought out by Walsh (2000), approximately 75% of employees have at one time or another been involved in employee theft, with a vast majority of the group having perpetrated the act multiple times. This, he notes, stems from mistreatment of an employee by the firm, a prospect that creates an urge of retaliation among the employees. In addition, the problem of employee theft has been proposed to result from underpayment of the workers. In some cases though, the employees are encouraged into adopting the vice due to lack of stringent regulatory and punitive measures. Indeed, the theft cases may hold long-standing effects on the economy and to the employees at personal levels. As such, it is often instrumental for appropriate response procedures to be adopted to withstand such cases. For instance, many firms have often been encouraged into adopting stringent regulations which, nevertheless, impact negatively on business performance. Therefore, it is nota ble that the measures adopted so far have been less effective considering the increase in incidences of theft and consequent collapses and insolvencies among many traditional firms. This study is based on various objectives around which the aspect of employee theft revolves. Firstly, the study seeks to determine the internal and external business factors that precipitate employee theft. The study also seeks to determine the probable impacts of the theft cases to social and economic setups within and without the firm, and the implications of such business factors to the economy of the UK. In addition, the study seeks to ascertain what globalization and technological advancement in business administration means to employee theft. Further, the

Electric Generator Essay Example for Free

Electric Generator Essay Early 20th century alternator made inBudapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of a hydroelectric station In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electric charge (usually carried by electrons) to flow through an external electrical circuit. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, aninternal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any other source of mechanical energy. Generators supply almost all of the power for the electric power grids which provide most of the worlds electric power. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable generators. History Before the connection between magnetism and electricity was discovered, electrostatic generators were used. They operated on electrostaticprinciples. Such generators generated very high voltage and low current. They operated by using moving electrically charged belts, plates, and disks that carried charge to a high potential electrode. The charge was generated using either of two mechanisms: * Electrostatic induction * The triboelectric effect, where the contact between two insulators leaves them charged. Because of their inefficiency and the difficulty of insulating machines that produced very high voltages, electrostatic generators had low power ratings, and were never used for generation of commercially significant quantities of electric power. The Wimshurst machine and Van de Graaff generator are examples of these machines that have survived. In 1827, Hungarian Anyos Jedlik started experimenting with the electromagnetic rotating devices which he called electromagnetic self-rotors, now called the Jedliks dynamo. In the prototype of the single-pole electric starter (finished between 1852 and 1854) both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. He formulated the concept of the dynamo at least 6 years beforeSiemens and Wheatstone but didnt patent it as he thought he wasnt the first to realize this. In essence the concept is that instead of permanent magnets, two electromagnets opposite to each other induce the magnetic field around the rotor. It was also the discovery of the principle of self-excitation.[1] Faraday disk, the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet (A) created a magnetic field through the disk (D). When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact m, through the external circuit, and back into the center of the disk through the axle. In the years of 1831–1832, Michael Faraday discovered the operating principle of electromagnetic generators. The principle, later called Faradays law, is that an electromotive force is generated in an electrical conductor which encircles a varying magnetic flux. He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the Faraday disk, a type of homopolar generator, using a copper disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. It produced a small DC voltage. This design was inefficient, due to self-cancelling counterflows of current in regions that were not under the influence of the magnetic field. While current was induced directly underneath the magnet, the current would circulate backwards in regions that were outside the influence of the magnetic field. This counterflow limited the power output to the pickup wires, and induced waste heating of the copper disc. Later homopolar generators would solve this problem by using an array of magnets arranged around the disc perimeter to maintain a steady field effect in one current-flow direction. Another disadvantage was that the output voltage was very low, due to the single current path through the magnetic flux. Experimenters found that using multiple turns of wire in a coil could produce higher, more useful voltages. Since the output voltage is proportional to the number of turns, generators could be easily designed to produce any desired voltage by varying the number of turns. Wire windings became a basic feature of all subsequent generator designs. Dynamos are no longer used for power generation due to the size and complexity of the commutator needed for high power applications. This large belt-driven high-current dynamo produced 310 amperes at 7 volts, or 2,170 watts, when spinning at 1400 RPM. Dynamo Electric Machine [End View, Partly Section] (U.S. Patent 284,110) The dynamo was the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry. The dynamo uses electromagnetic induction to convert mechanical rotation into direct currentthrough the use of a commutator. The first dynamo was built by Hippolyte Pixii in 1832. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings which turn within that field. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils. Through a series of accidental discoveries, the dynamo became the source of many later inventions, including the DC electric motor, the AC alternator, the AC synchronous motor, and the rotary converter. Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from the discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current. The early machines were developed by pioneers such as Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii. Faraday developed the rotating rectangle, whose operation was heteropolar each active conductor passed successively through regions where the magnetic field was in opposite directions.[2] The first public demonstration of a more robust alternator system took place in 1886.[3] Large two-phase alternating current generators were built by a British electrician, J.E.H. Gordon, in 1882. Lord Kelvin andSebastian Ferranti also developed early alternators, producing frequencies between 100 and 300 Hz. In 1891, Nikola Tesla patented a practical high-frequency alternator (which operated around 15 kHz).[4] After 1891, polyphase alternators were introduced to supply currents of multiple differing phases.[5] Later alternators were designed for varying alternating-current frequencies between sixteen and about one hundred hertz, for use with arc lighting, incandescent lighting and electric motors.[6] Large power generation dynamos are now rarely seen due to the now nearly universal use of alternating current for power distribution. Before the adoption of AC, very large direct-current dynamos were the only means of power generation and distribution. AC has come to dominate due to the ability of AC to be easily transformed to and from very high voltages to permit low losses over large distances. Electromagnetic generators Dynamo Main article: Dynamo Dynamo Electric Machine (end view, partly section, U.S. Patent 284,110) A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic. Alternator Main article: Alternator Without a commutator, a dynamo becomes an alternator, which is a synchronous singly fed generator. Alternators produce alternating current with a frequency that is based on the rotational speed of the rotor and the number of magnetic poles. Automotive alternators produce a varying frequency that changes with engine speed, which is then converted by a rectifier to DC. By comparison, alternators used to feed an electric power grid are generally operated at a speed very close to a specific frequency, for the benefit of AC devices that regulate their speed and performance based on grid frequency. Some devices such as incandescent lamps and ballast-operated fluorescent lamps do not require a constant frequency, but synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks do require a constant grid frequency. When attached to a larger electric grid with other alternators, an alternator will dynamically interact with the frequency already present on the grid, and operate at a speed that matches the grid frequency. If no driving power is applied, the alternator will continue to spin at a constant speed anyway, driven as a synchronous motor by the grid frequency. It is usually necessary for an alternator to be accelerated up to the correct speed and phase alignment before connecting to the grid, as any mismatch in frequency will cause the alternator to act as a synchronous motor, and suddenly leap to the correct phase alignment as it absorbs a large inrush current from the grid, which may damage the rotor and other equipment. Typical alternators use a rotating field winding excited with direct current, and a stationary (stator) winding that produces alternating current. Since the rotor field only requires a tiny fraction of the power generated by the machine, the brushes for the field contact can be relatively small. In the case of a brushless exciter, no brushes are used at all and the rotor shaft carries rectifiers to excite the main field winding. [edit]Induction generator Main article: induction generator An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a type of AC electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power. Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the synchronous speed, giving negative slip. A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator, without any internal modifications. Induction generators are useful in applications such as minihydro power plants, wind turbines, or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure, because they can recover energy with relatively simple controls. To operate an induction generator must be excited with a leading voltage; this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid, or sometimes they are self excited by using phase correcting capacitors. [edit]MHD generator Main article: MHD generator A magnetohydrodynamic generator directly extracts electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field, without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery. MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame, well able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant. The first practical design was the AVCO Mk. 25, developed in 1965. The U.S. government funded substantial development, culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987. In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s, the MHD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW, the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time.[7] MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined cycle gas turbines. [edit]Other rotating electromagnetic generators Other types of generators, such as the asynchronous or induction singly fed generator, the doubly fed generator, or the brushless wound-rotor doubly fed generator, do not incorporate permanent magnets or field windings that establish a constant magnetic field, and as a result, are seeing success in variable speed constant frequency applications, such as wind turbines or otherrenewable energy technologies. The full output performance of any generator can be optimized with electronic control but only the doubly fed generators or the brushless wound-rotor doubly fed generator incorporate electronic control with power ratings that are substantially less than the power output of the generator under control, a feature which, by itself, offers cost, reliability and efficiency benefits. Homopolar generator Main article: Homopolar generator Faraday disk, the first homopolar generator A homopolar generator is a DC electrical generator comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field. A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder), the electrical polaritydepending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field. It is also known as a unipolar generator, acyclic generator, disk dynamo, orFaraday disc. The voltage is typically low, on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models, but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts, and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage.[8] They are unusual in that they can source tremendous electric current, some more than a million amperes, because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance. Excitation A small early 1900s 75 KVA direct-driven power station AC alternator, with a separate belt-driven exciter generator. Main article: Excitation (magnetic) An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work. If the field coils are not powered, the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy, while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all. Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited, which means the field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself. The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding. When the generator first starts to turn, the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started, generating a small current in the armature. This flows through the field coils, creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current. This bootstrap process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state power output. Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger. In the event of a severe widespread power outage where islanding of power stations has occurred, the stations may need to perform a black start to excite the fields of their largest generators, in order to restore customer power service. Electrostatic generator Main article: electrostatic generator A Van de Graaff generator, for class room demonstrations An electrostatic generator, or electrostatic machine, is a mechanical device that produces static electricity, or electricity at high voltage and lowcontinuous current. The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations, but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon, without a theory to explain its behavior and often confused with magnetism. By the end of the 17th Century, researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction, but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century, when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity. Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy. Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors, using only electric forces, and work by using moving plates, drums, or belts to carry electric charge to a high potentialelectrode. The charge is generated by one of two methods: either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction. [edit]Wimshurst machine Main article: Wimshurst machine Wimshurst machine with two Leyden jars.Suppose that the conditions are as in the figure, with the segment A1 positive and the segment B1 negative. Now, as A1 moves to the left and B1 to the right, their potentials will rise on account of the work done in separating them against attraction. When A1 and neighboring sectors comes opposite the segment B2 of the B plate, which is now in contact with the brush Y, they will cause a displacement of electricity along the conductor between Y and Y1 bringing a negative charge, larger than the positive charge in A1 alone, on Y and sending a positive charge to the segment touching Y1. As A1 moves on, it passes near the brush Z and is partially discharged into the external circuit. It then passes on until, on touching the brush X, has a new charge, this time negative, driven into it by induction from B2 and neighboring sectors. As the machine turns, the process causes exponential increases in the voltages on all positions, until sparking occurs limiting the increase.| The Wimshurst influence machine is an electrostatic generator, a machine for generating high voltages developed between 1880 and 1883 by Britishinventor James Wimshurst (1832–1903). It has a distinctive appearance with two large contra-rotating discs mounted in a vertical plane, two crossed bars with metallic brushes, and a spark gap formed by two metal spheres. Van de Graaff generator Main article: Van de Graaff generator A Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand. It was invented by American physicist Robert J. Van de Graaff in 1929. The potential difference achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts. The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitorand a very large electrical resistance, so it can produce a visible electrical discharge to a nearby grounding surface which can potentially cause a spark depending on the voltage.

Narrators in Faulkner’s Barn Burning and The Unvanquished Essay

Narrators in Faulkner’s Barn Burning and The Unvanquished â€Å"Barn Burning† and The Unvanquished present very different ways to tell a story. In â€Å"Barn Burning,† Faulkner uses a third person, limited omniscient point of view that allows him to enter the mind of the story’s protagonist, Colonel Sartoris Snopes. In this point of view, the narrator establishes that the story took place in the past by commenting that â€Å"Later, twenty years later, he was too tell himself, ‘If I had said they wanted only truth, justice, he would have it me again.’ But now he said nothing† (8). The narrator of â€Å"Barn Burning† develops Colonel Sartoris as a child by describing his relationship with his father; no matter how many times Ab Snopes burns a barn or strikes his son, Colonel Sartoris wants to believe in his father’s goodness and potential for change. In the first half of The Unvanquished, Bayard Sartoris’s character often reflects innocence and naivetà ©, but Faulkner develops the character in an entirely different way. Rather than using a third-person limited omniscient narrator to describe Bayar... Narrators in Faulkner’s Barn Burning and The Unvanquished Essay Narrators in Faulkner’s Barn Burning and The Unvanquished â€Å"Barn Burning† and The Unvanquished present very different ways to tell a story. In â€Å"Barn Burning,† Faulkner uses a third person, limited omniscient point of view that allows him to enter the mind of the story’s protagonist, Colonel Sartoris Snopes. In this point of view, the narrator establishes that the story took place in the past by commenting that â€Å"Later, twenty years later, he was too tell himself, ‘If I had said they wanted only truth, justice, he would have it me again.’ But now he said nothing† (8). The narrator of â€Å"Barn Burning† develops Colonel Sartoris as a child by describing his relationship with his father; no matter how many times Ab Snopes burns a barn or strikes his son, Colonel Sartoris wants to believe in his father’s goodness and potential for change. In the first half of The Unvanquished, Bayard Sartoris’s character often reflects innocence and naivetà ©, but Faulkner develops the character in an entirely different way. Rather than using a third-person limited omniscient narrator to describe Bayar...

Nowadays the effect of modern society have clearly shown on human society Essay

Nowadays the effect of modern society have clearly shown on human society after 1950’s; however, there still have people live in minority types of family role in the united states and others Asian, Middle East, and Africa are known that man as breadwinner and woman as homemaker. There are few categories that play primary factors including culture and religion, and they become a barrier for people want to live in modern society. Although the changing gender roles of modern society have been observed and been perceived through times, the acceptance of its transformation still causes negative effects to society and family. In modern society, the idea of changing gender roles seem to be difficult not only woman or man do not have the skills for other one’s tasks but it also brings potentially risk to our society. In 1950s, the gender roles have been defined that man as breadwinner and woman as homemaker. As the society’s evolved, a woman becomes more active, ambitious and independent and a man becomes more emotional and involved in house tasks. According to Aaron H. Devor in his article, â€Å"Becoming members of Society: Learning the Social Meaning of Gender,† â€Å"†¦society demands different gender performance from us and reward, tolerates, or punishes us differently for conformity to, or digression from social norm† (527). Thus, when the gender roles are defined in terms of social interaction, then social norms seem to play a key role with it. The social norms tell us how the male and female should behave, expecting people to have their own personal characteristic an d act in a way appropriate to their gender. Even when the changing gender roles affect society, it still needs to consider and follow particularistic obligation of each gender roles. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics, woman make up 47 percents of the work place between the ages of 25 and 54 worked outside home in 1995. Therefore, woman spends less time with their children or sends them to babysitter. When the society evolves and the value of the society around us has evaluated as more generalized norms of society, it will affect to the next generation. According to Devor in his article, â€Å"Becoming members of Society: Learning the Social Meaning of Gender,† â€Å"†¦.children initially acquire the value of the society around them almost indiscriminately. To the degree that children absorb the generalized standard of society into their personal concept of that is the generalized other† (530). Therefore, the changes of each parent directly affect to their children and its transformation causes the original characteristic of children to disappear or unnoticeable. Most children consider their parent as role model to follow and learn. Thus, the society and family both play a primary affect to the next generation through changing gender roles. As the previous idea, the family will affect to their children’s gender role; however, the reason unnecessarily applies to all aspects. When the families loosen attention on their children, the lacks of familial concern causes more damaged or perverted and leads the children to the wrong path in future. Each of individual family members which play a central help to their children need to consider what they do or how they behave toward their children. According to â€Å"Becoming members of Society: Learning the Social Meaning of Gender,† the family cannot pressure their children to choose the gender, when the time is right, their children will choose the appropriate gender (Devor 534). I deprecate the way of Devor’s thought, there are statistical datas show that the gender roles of children or adults have been modified by their parent and they are more likely becoming their own gender role. It is only right when the parent helps their children to choose the right path. Because of development of modern society, it appears many people not become what they are such as gays and lesbian, and it is because the lack of concern from their family. In conclusion, modern society has tremendous effects toward the development of our society; however, it also brings the potential risk, and affect to each family generation, and the lack of concerning to children in family during their mature. If we can mix the old and modern family types together, it will give us a perfect family formation in reality. The family cannot live either old type or modern type because it rules out the family existence or cannot have rigid family bond.

Assess Functionalsu and New Right View of the Family Essay

Functionalists believe that the family have specific or traditional functions within the family. One function of the family would be reproduction or having children as this is imperative for the world as they will be the future workforce. For example family businesses will need to pass down the factories/shops to the next generation in the family for the continuing of the ancestors business. Other functions include economic maintenance this is where the family provides necessities for all the family members for example shelter, food and clothing. Another is that the family helps teach children how to socialise with others and also educate them with the correct norms. An important function of the family is that it gives a sense of identity and belonging for example the family allows people to be able to rely on because they are connected through family. Talcott Parsons is one of the key functionalists that strongly argued that the nuclear family fits the needs of the contemporary family and so believes that that extended family, which could involve divorce, will prevent the family from growing and being taken care of. He supported the traditional functions of the family and spoke about how the modern family is changing a lot of the former functions. Parsons identified two remaining functions within the family one being primary socialisation of young which is when the parents raise the children and educate them about the norms and values for example the rights and wrongs so they are able to pass them one. For example in abusive families negative norms are passed on. However how they act in other ways depend on their school life. The other main function is the stabilisations of adult personalities which is where children turn into adults and are forced to ‘grow up’ and get a job and buy a house etc. they are made to take things more seriously in the world so they are able to achieve a sense of belonging on their own and actually have a purpose. Overall Parson’s view of the family is centred around the middle and upper classes and focuses on the male’s purpose and ignores the female perspective. This suggests that parsons believes women are happy to be housewives and don’t aspire to be anything else but loyal to their husbands. A few positive functions of the family is that they are much more financially stable as the husband and father have a stable job and are able to earn enough money to support the whole family. The nuclear family also results in a much closer relationship between family members as they are with each other daily and so relationships are created. For example siblings are taught to share with each other and so form a bond of trust with each other. Children in the family are more likely to stay on a positive path if they are in a nuclear family as disruption could cause difficulties with school life and social life. Married parents are seen to be very good role models when they are part of a nuclear family. However a disadvantage of the nuclear family is that functionalist advertises it so it seems to be very isolated and private and therefore they are seen to have a poor social life because they keep to themselves and don’t concern themselves with wider groups of people. The family becomes attached to home leisure with TV the internet and games resulting in them becoming more home-centred. The family makes little contact with neighbours and is very self-contained. The family as a result of being private becomes reliant on support from the welfare state. Alternatively functionalists are said to idealise the family life too much. Therefore ignore the rising divorce rates. They refuse to acknowledge the negatives about the changing family life, and the growing family diversity. Another view would be those functionalists don’t take in account the abuse that can occur within any families. That is a reason as to why the modern family is changing, it’s due to the fact that the laws against domestic violence have become much stricter. This leads to the feminists who argued against this nuclear family as it portrayed women in a way that was very sexist. Ronald Fletcher a British sociologist who agreed with the functionalist’s perspective but argued that modern societies are changing and that there is an increase in modern functions in the family such as regulating sexual behaviour and the increase in parental involvement in their education. Other includes the being responsible in the rearing of children and caring for dependent people whether young or old. All these factors contribute to the changing family life and their morals. More and more people are starting to argue like Fletcher that the nuclear family is the dominant family structure but that its modifying over time for example mothers are now getting jobs as well as husbands so they both support the house hold and aren’t dependent on just one person for the whole family. Charles Murray a social scientist says ‘the traditional family life is under threat’. His main concern was with the welfare benefits that single women were being given. He thought that it was too easy for them to leave the nuclear family and live alone and just depend on benefits. Murray also argues that being or living with a single parent on benefits is giving the wrong role models to children as they are able to see that they can live alone and live off benefits so don’t strive to achieve any goals. There are fewer father figures to show discipline as the mother could lose control so the children go down a path of drug dealing vandalism and crime which gives a very positive look on the new right approach. Halsey and Dennis who agrees with what Murray argues saying that single parenthood and absent fathers is one of the key issues with the decrease in nuclear family lives. Due to the lack of jobs and rise in unemployment men are starting to struggle to maintain their title of bread winners and the industries are changing from heavy workloads so women are more likely to find a job in modern times. As a result men may be reject by the women as they can’t financially depend on them so would rather be given benefits than struggle to keep a roof over them and their children’s heads. Halsey debates that being in a one parent family with the factors of unemployment and poverty being high could inevitably lead to crime and vandalism by the younger members of the family. Against a nuclear family with a stable income and stable household would again lead to any crimes and vandalism by the offspring in the family. Abbott and Wallace’s critically judge the new right about how women are being exploited in the families and how a lot of frustration and unhappiness is able to be experienced by living in this environment. The new right also disagrees to acknowledge the violence that can be cause in a nuclear family life and the abuse a family can actually suffer from being forced to stay and live with them as it isn’t socially acceptable to be a one parent family. Some of the ideas that Abbott and Wallace criticised are that the new right are opposed to having an easy availability to a divorce; this again goes against women having the right to leave a violent family life and actually possibly saving theirs and their children’s lives by leaving. Again the new right disagrees with abortions as they say the foetuses have a right to life but Abbott and Wallace criticise this because bringing a baby into the world is a big thing and some people are unable to care for the baby correctly. The new right makes men have a very stressful life as they have a whole family dependent on them as a role model of a breadwinner and the same with women being role models for the girls and showing how much work goes into being involved in a family. Abbott and Wallace favour letting people take control of their own lives by living alone or being involved in a homosexual relationship or even women being the breadwinners while men are in charge of the household and children. Some of the traditional family values that the new right followers agree on bringing back involve that a woman’s place is in the home and shouldn’t be working as a bread winner as that’s the mans job as head of the household. This is associated with gender patriarchy as women are treated completely different to the way men are, and so it’s seen as unfair and sexist in the modern day. Gender patriarchy would be one of the main factors that feminists would argue about as they say women are oppressed by the nuclear family and its rules and values. Different feminist groups argue about different factors, liberal feminist argue about sex discrimination and want changes in the law to be made. However radical feminists argue against men patriarchy, where men are seen to have more power for example women are considered to be responsible for raising the children and choosing and cooking the food and keeping the home as welcoming as possible. Traditionally a man would never be seen do to the cooking or cleaning as it was seen as a wife’s job but in modern times it’s a much more equal task. There are however some positive aspects as to why many people agree with the new rights theory as Brigitte Berger, who defends the nuclear family by saying it’s a very positive feature of modern societies as it helps the youth of the world understand decency, common sense, politeness and respect for others. These values and morals will help make a better life for the person as common decency is seen as a norm and many people agree that in a single parent family the mother might find it s a struggle to teach the children all of that on her own due to the lack of help from the father figure.